Repository for Oil and Gas Energy Research (ROGER)
The Repository for Oil and Gas Energy Research, or ROGER, is a near-exhaustive collection of bibliographic information, abstracts, and links to many of journal articles that pertain to shale and tight gas development. The goal of this project is to create a single repository for unconventional oil and gas-related research as a resource for academic, scientific, and citizen researchers.
ROGER currently includes 2303 studies.
Last updated: July 13, 2025

Search ROGER
Use keywords or categories (e.g., air quality, climate, health) to identify peer-reviewed studies and view study abstracts.
Topic Areas
Assessing the feasibility of using produced water for irrigation in Colorado
Dolan et al., November 2018
Assessing the feasibility of using produced water for irrigation in Colorado
Flannery C. Dolan, Tzahi Y. Cath, Terri S. Hogue (2018). Science of The Total Environment, 619-628. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.200
Abstract:
The Colorado Water Plan estimates as much as 0.8 million irrigated acres may dry up statewide from agricultural to municipal and industrial transfers. To help mitigate this loss, new sources of water are being explored in Colorado. One such source may be produced water. Oil and gas production in 2016 alone produced over 300 million barrels of produced water. Currently, the most common method of disposal of produced water is deep well injection, which is costly and has been shown to cause induced seismicity. Treating this water to agricultural standards eliminates the need to dispose of this water and provides a new source of water. This research explores which counties in Colorado may be best suited to reusing produced water for agriculture based on a combined index of need, quality of produced water, and quantity of produced water. The volumetric impact of using produced water for agricultural needs is determined for the top six counties. Irrigation demand is obtained using evapotranspiration estimates from a range of methods, including remote sensing products and ground-based observations. The economic feasibility of treating produced water to irrigation standards is also determined using an integrated decision selection tool (iDST). We find that produced water can make a substantial volumetric impact on irrigation demand in some counties. Results from the iDST indicate that while costs of treating produced water are higher than the cost of injection into private disposal wells, the costs are much less than disposal into commercial wells. The results of this research may aid in the transition between viewing produced water as a waste product and using it as a tool to help secure water for the arid west.
The Colorado Water Plan estimates as much as 0.8 million irrigated acres may dry up statewide from agricultural to municipal and industrial transfers. To help mitigate this loss, new sources of water are being explored in Colorado. One such source may be produced water. Oil and gas production in 2016 alone produced over 300 million barrels of produced water. Currently, the most common method of disposal of produced water is deep well injection, which is costly and has been shown to cause induced seismicity. Treating this water to agricultural standards eliminates the need to dispose of this water and provides a new source of water. This research explores which counties in Colorado may be best suited to reusing produced water for agriculture based on a combined index of need, quality of produced water, and quantity of produced water. The volumetric impact of using produced water for agricultural needs is determined for the top six counties. Irrigation demand is obtained using evapotranspiration estimates from a range of methods, including remote sensing products and ground-based observations. The economic feasibility of treating produced water to irrigation standards is also determined using an integrated decision selection tool (iDST). We find that produced water can make a substantial volumetric impact on irrigation demand in some counties. Results from the iDST indicate that while costs of treating produced water are higher than the cost of injection into private disposal wells, the costs are much less than disposal into commercial wells. The results of this research may aid in the transition between viewing produced water as a waste product and using it as a tool to help secure water for the arid west.
Ethylene Supply in a Fluid Context: Implications of Shale Gas and Climate Change
Gillian Foster, November 2018
Ethylene Supply in a Fluid Context: Implications of Shale Gas and Climate Change
Gillian Foster (2018). Energies, 2967. 10.3390/en11112967
Abstract:
The recent advent of shale gas in the U.S. has redefined the economics of ethylene manufacturing globally, causing a shift towards low-cost U.S. production due to natural gas feedstock, while reinforcing the industry’s reliance on fossil fuels. At the same time, the global climate change crisis compels a transition to a low-carbon economy. These two influencing factors are complex, contested, and uncertain. This paper projects the United States’ (U.S.) future ethylene supply in the context of two megatrends: the natural gas surge and global climate change. The analysis models the future U.S. supply of ethylene in 2050 based on plausible socio-economic scenarios in response to climate change mitigation and adaptation pathways as well as a range of natural gas feedstock prices. This Vector Error Correction Model explores the relationships between these variables. The results show that ethylene supply increased in nearly all modeled scenarios. A combination of lower population growth, lower consumption, and higher natural gas prices reduced ethylene supply by 2050. In most cases, forecasted CO2 emissions from ethylene production rose. This is the first study to project future ethylene supply to go beyond the price of feedstocks and include socio-economic variables relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The recent advent of shale gas in the U.S. has redefined the economics of ethylene manufacturing globally, causing a shift towards low-cost U.S. production due to natural gas feedstock, while reinforcing the industry’s reliance on fossil fuels. At the same time, the global climate change crisis compels a transition to a low-carbon economy. These two influencing factors are complex, contested, and uncertain. This paper projects the United States’ (U.S.) future ethylene supply in the context of two megatrends: the natural gas surge and global climate change. The analysis models the future U.S. supply of ethylene in 2050 based on plausible socio-economic scenarios in response to climate change mitigation and adaptation pathways as well as a range of natural gas feedstock prices. This Vector Error Correction Model explores the relationships between these variables. The results show that ethylene supply increased in nearly all modeled scenarios. A combination of lower population growth, lower consumption, and higher natural gas prices reduced ethylene supply by 2050. In most cases, forecasted CO2 emissions from ethylene production rose. This is the first study to project future ethylene supply to go beyond the price of feedstocks and include socio-economic variables relevant to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
A New Analysis Model for Potential Contamination of a Shallow Aquifer from a Hydraulically-Fractured Shale
Peng et al., November 2018
A New Analysis Model for Potential Contamination of a Shallow Aquifer from a Hydraulically-Fractured Shale
Weihong Peng, Menglin Du, Feng Gao, Xuan Dong, Hongmei Cheng (2018). Energies, 3010. 10.3390/en11113010
Abstract:
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is widely used in shale gas development, which may cause some heavy metals release from shale formations. These contaminants could transport from the fractured shale reservoirs to shallow aquifers. Thus, it is necessary to assess the impact of pollution in shallow aquifers. In this paper, a new analysis model, considering geological distributions, discrete natural fractures (NFs) and faults, is developed to analyze the migration mechanism of contaminants. Furthermore, the alkali erosion of rock caused by high-pH drilling of fluids, is considered in this paper. The numerical results suggest that both NFs and alkali erosion could reduce the time required for contaminants migrating to aquifers. When NFs and alkali erosion are both considered, the migration time will be shortened by 51 years. Alkali erosion makes the impact of NFs, on the contaminant migration, more significant. The migration time decreases with increasing pH values, while the accumulation is on the opposite side. Compared with pH 12.0, the migration time would be increased by 45 years and 29 years for pH 11.0 and 11.5, respectively. However, the migration time for pH 12.5 and 13.0 were found to be decreased by 82 years and 180 years, respectively. Alkali erosion could increase the rock permeability, and the elevated permeability would further enhance the migration velocity of the contaminants, which might play a major role in assessing the potential contamination of shallow aquifers.
Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is widely used in shale gas development, which may cause some heavy metals release from shale formations. These contaminants could transport from the fractured shale reservoirs to shallow aquifers. Thus, it is necessary to assess the impact of pollution in shallow aquifers. In this paper, a new analysis model, considering geological distributions, discrete natural fractures (NFs) and faults, is developed to analyze the migration mechanism of contaminants. Furthermore, the alkali erosion of rock caused by high-pH drilling of fluids, is considered in this paper. The numerical results suggest that both NFs and alkali erosion could reduce the time required for contaminants migrating to aquifers. When NFs and alkali erosion are both considered, the migration time will be shortened by 51 years. Alkali erosion makes the impact of NFs, on the contaminant migration, more significant. The migration time decreases with increasing pH values, while the accumulation is on the opposite side. Compared with pH 12.0, the migration time would be increased by 45 years and 29 years for pH 11.0 and 11.5, respectively. However, the migration time for pH 12.5 and 13.0 were found to be decreased by 82 years and 180 years, respectively. Alkali erosion could increase the rock permeability, and the elevated permeability would further enhance the migration velocity of the contaminants, which might play a major role in assessing the potential contamination of shallow aquifers.
Raw material recovery from hydraulic fracturing residual solid waste with implications for sustainability and radioactive waste disposal
Ajemigbitse et al., November 2018
Raw material recovery from hydraulic fracturing residual solid waste with implications for sustainability and radioactive waste disposal
Moses A. Ajemigbitse, Fred S. Cannon, Mark S. Klima, James C. Furness, Chris Wunz, Nathaniel R. Warner (2018). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, . 10.1039/C8EM00248G
Abstract:
Unconventional oil and gas residual solid wastes are generally disposed in municipal waste landfills (RCRA Subtitle D), but they contain valuable raw materials such as proppant sands. A novel process for recovering raw materials from hydraulic fracturing residual waste is presented. Specifically, a novel hydroacoustic cavitation system, combined with physical separation devices, can create a distinct stream of highly concentrated sand, and another distinct stream of clay from the residual solid waste by the dispersive energy of cavitation conjoined with ultrasonics, ozone and hydrogen peroxide. This combination cleaned the sand grains, by removing previously aggregated clays and residues from the sand surfaces. When these unit operations were followed by a hydrocyclone and spiral, the solids could be separated by particle size, yielding primarily cleaned sand in one flow stream; clays and fine particles in another; and silts in yet a third stream. Consequently, the separation of particle sizes also affected radium distribution – the sand grains had low radium activities, as lows as 0.207 Bq g−1 (5.6 pCi g−1). In contrast, the clays had elevated radium activities, as high as 1.85–3.7 Bq g−1 (50–100 pCi g−1) – and much of this radium was affiliated with organics and salts that could be separated from the clays. We propose that the reclaimed sand could be reused as hydraulic fracturing proppant. The separation of sand from silt and clay could reduce the volume and radium masses of wastes that are disposed in landfills. This could represent a significant savings to facilities handling oil and gas waste, as much as $100 000–300 000 per year. Disposing the radium-enriched salts and organics downhole will mitigate radium release to the surface. Additionally, the reclaimed sand could have market value, and this could represent as much as a third of the cost savings. Tests that employed the toxicity characteristic leaching protocol (TCLP) on these separated solids streams determined that this novel treatment diminished the risk of radium mobility for the reclaimed sand, clays or disposed material, rendering them better suited for landfilling.
Unconventional oil and gas residual solid wastes are generally disposed in municipal waste landfills (RCRA Subtitle D), but they contain valuable raw materials such as proppant sands. A novel process for recovering raw materials from hydraulic fracturing residual waste is presented. Specifically, a novel hydroacoustic cavitation system, combined with physical separation devices, can create a distinct stream of highly concentrated sand, and another distinct stream of clay from the residual solid waste by the dispersive energy of cavitation conjoined with ultrasonics, ozone and hydrogen peroxide. This combination cleaned the sand grains, by removing previously aggregated clays and residues from the sand surfaces. When these unit operations were followed by a hydrocyclone and spiral, the solids could be separated by particle size, yielding primarily cleaned sand in one flow stream; clays and fine particles in another; and silts in yet a third stream. Consequently, the separation of particle sizes also affected radium distribution – the sand grains had low radium activities, as lows as 0.207 Bq g−1 (5.6 pCi g−1). In contrast, the clays had elevated radium activities, as high as 1.85–3.7 Bq g−1 (50–100 pCi g−1) – and much of this radium was affiliated with organics and salts that could be separated from the clays. We propose that the reclaimed sand could be reused as hydraulic fracturing proppant. The separation of sand from silt and clay could reduce the volume and radium masses of wastes that are disposed in landfills. This could represent a significant savings to facilities handling oil and gas waste, as much as $100 000–300 000 per year. Disposing the radium-enriched salts and organics downhole will mitigate radium release to the surface. Additionally, the reclaimed sand could have market value, and this could represent as much as a third of the cost savings. Tests that employed the toxicity characteristic leaching protocol (TCLP) on these separated solids streams determined that this novel treatment diminished the risk of radium mobility for the reclaimed sand, clays or disposed material, rendering them better suited for landfilling.
Security Bonding in Unconventional Gas Development: Evidence from an Economic Experiment
Tiho Ancev and Danielle Merrett, November 2018
Security Bonding in Unconventional Gas Development: Evidence from an Economic Experiment
Tiho Ancev and Danielle Merrett (2018). Ecological Economics, 139-146. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.07.007
Abstract:
Recent developments in drilling technology promise significant benefits from extraction of unconventional gas. At the same time, the deployment of this technology creates serious concerns about the negative effects it may have on agriculture and on the environment. This paper applies a behavioural approach to explore possibilities for improved negotiation outcomes between unconventional gas developers and host landowners using economic experiments in the laboratory. The paper specifically focuses on the role that security bond could have in resolving some of the conflicts surrounding unconventional gas development. The empirical findings from the economic experiments show that a security bond deposited by a developer prior to the commencement of the gas extraction can result with improved negotiation outcomes between developers and host landowners. Our findings suggest that the security bond is effective because it mitigates the effects of loss averse behaviour by landowners that do not hold sub-surface extraction rights.
Recent developments in drilling technology promise significant benefits from extraction of unconventional gas. At the same time, the deployment of this technology creates serious concerns about the negative effects it may have on agriculture and on the environment. This paper applies a behavioural approach to explore possibilities for improved negotiation outcomes between unconventional gas developers and host landowners using economic experiments in the laboratory. The paper specifically focuses on the role that security bond could have in resolving some of the conflicts surrounding unconventional gas development. The empirical findings from the economic experiments show that a security bond deposited by a developer prior to the commencement of the gas extraction can result with improved negotiation outcomes between developers and host landowners. Our findings suggest that the security bond is effective because it mitigates the effects of loss averse behaviour by landowners that do not hold sub-surface extraction rights.
The (Uneven) Spatial Distribution of the Bakken Oil Boom
Richter et al., November 2018
The (Uneven) Spatial Distribution of the Bakken Oil Boom
Johanna Richter, Alliana Salanguit, Alexander James (2018). Land Economics, 577-592. 10.3368/le.94.4.577
Abstract:
Resulting from a booming shale-energy sector, from 2007 to 2014, income per capita in North Dakota increased 40%. Does this reflect the experience of a few oil-rich counties, or were the gains more evenly distributed across the region? We find the shale boom generated significant economic gains for counties above and near the Bakken Shale Formation, but not for those farther away. We also document significant state-border effects, which are not easily explained. Conditional on distance to the Bakken region, the shale boom generated limited outward migration from South Dakota, and as a result, the economic gains that accrued there were muted.
Resulting from a booming shale-energy sector, from 2007 to 2014, income per capita in North Dakota increased 40%. Does this reflect the experience of a few oil-rich counties, or were the gains more evenly distributed across the region? We find the shale boom generated significant economic gains for counties above and near the Bakken Shale Formation, but not for those farther away. We also document significant state-border effects, which are not easily explained. Conditional on distance to the Bakken region, the shale boom generated limited outward migration from South Dakota, and as a result, the economic gains that accrued there were muted.
"Just report the science": How scientists frame their engagement in contested debates over fracking in the Barnett Shale
Michelle L. Edwards, November 2018
"Just report the science": How scientists frame their engagement in contested debates over fracking in the Barnett Shale
Michelle L. Edwards (2018). Energy Research & Social Science, 67-74. 10.1016/j.erss.2018.07.002
Abstract:
Unconventional natural gas exploration using hydraulic fracturing has spread rapidly from its "birthplace" in the Barnett Shale to shale plays across the globe, spurring polarized discussions about its environmental and social risks. These debates have engaged many stakeholders, including some individuals with natural and physical science backgrounds. This study presents results from semi-structured, in-depth interviews I conducted with these individuals, which demonstrate how they framed their engagement in these debates. I argue that the process of interacting in politicized debates over hydraulic fracturing impacted how these individuals constructed what it means to provide objective information to the public. In order to demonstrate objectivity, a number of these participants emphasized their role as problem solvers for, rather than opponents of, the oil and gas industry. Also, to provide balance against their critical evaluation of the environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing, several participants emphasized the (assumed) social benefits of energy exploration. Through exploring the "problems of method" faced by natural and physical scientists engaged in research on controversial energy topics, and their impacts for my own engagement as a qualitative social science researcher, I seek to contribute to our understanding of the challenges scientists face as they engage in energy research.
Unconventional natural gas exploration using hydraulic fracturing has spread rapidly from its "birthplace" in the Barnett Shale to shale plays across the globe, spurring polarized discussions about its environmental and social risks. These debates have engaged many stakeholders, including some individuals with natural and physical science backgrounds. This study presents results from semi-structured, in-depth interviews I conducted with these individuals, which demonstrate how they framed their engagement in these debates. I argue that the process of interacting in politicized debates over hydraulic fracturing impacted how these individuals constructed what it means to provide objective information to the public. In order to demonstrate objectivity, a number of these participants emphasized their role as problem solvers for, rather than opponents of, the oil and gas industry. Also, to provide balance against their critical evaluation of the environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing, several participants emphasized the (assumed) social benefits of energy exploration. Through exploring the "problems of method" faced by natural and physical scientists engaged in research on controversial energy topics, and their impacts for my own engagement as a qualitative social science researcher, I seek to contribute to our understanding of the challenges scientists face as they engage in energy research.
Geographies of Impact and the Impacts of Geography: Unconventional Oil and Gas in the American West
Haggerty et al., November 2018
Geographies of Impact and the Impacts of Geography: Unconventional Oil and Gas in the American West
Julia H. Haggerty, Adrianne C. Kroepsch, Kathryn Bills Walsh, Kristin K. Smith, David W. Bowen (2018). Extractive Industries and Society-an International Journal, 619-633. 10.1016/j.exis.2018.07.002
Abstract:
Oil and gas exploration and development have a long history and remain important in the American West. The region supported 150,000 well completions from 2000 to 2017. In the same timeframe, unconventional oil and gas development in the West's Niobrara and Bakken formations contributed 28% of United States shale oil production and 14% of shale gas yields. This essay introduces the concept of "impact geography" as a guiding framework for synthesizing literature on social impacts of unconventional oil and gas development and deploys the concept in a review of recent published literature on social impacts in the region. The impact geography approach reflects the fact that that social impacts are generated by, and contingent upon, interactions between economic cycles, geology, technology and local context as they occur in particular spaces and places. This review of social impacts, broadly defined, is organized around three major impact geographies: rural and remote; (sub) urban; and sovereign nations. Within these geographies, we identify a variety of places-boomtowns, industrialized countrysides, borderlands, petro-suburbs, and focusing sites - and survey the impacts that stakeholders within them have experienced as they have been reported in the academic literature.
Oil and gas exploration and development have a long history and remain important in the American West. The region supported 150,000 well completions from 2000 to 2017. In the same timeframe, unconventional oil and gas development in the West's Niobrara and Bakken formations contributed 28% of United States shale oil production and 14% of shale gas yields. This essay introduces the concept of "impact geography" as a guiding framework for synthesizing literature on social impacts of unconventional oil and gas development and deploys the concept in a review of recent published literature on social impacts in the region. The impact geography approach reflects the fact that that social impacts are generated by, and contingent upon, interactions between economic cycles, geology, technology and local context as they occur in particular spaces and places. This review of social impacts, broadly defined, is organized around three major impact geographies: rural and remote; (sub) urban; and sovereign nations. Within these geographies, we identify a variety of places-boomtowns, industrialized countrysides, borderlands, petro-suburbs, and focusing sites - and survey the impacts that stakeholders within them have experienced as they have been reported in the academic literature.
A decade of Marcellus Shale: Impacts to people, policy, and culture from 2008 to 2018 in the Greater Mid-Atlantic region of the United States
Jacquet et al., November 2018
A decade of Marcellus Shale: Impacts to people, policy, and culture from 2008 to 2018 in the Greater Mid-Atlantic region of the United States
Jeffrey B. Jacquet, Anne N. Junod, Dylan Bugden, Grace Wildermuth, Joshua T. Fergen, Kirk Jalbert, Brian Rahm, Paige Hagley, Kathryn J. Brasier, Kai Schafft, Leland Glenna, Timothy Kelsey, Joshua Fershee, David L. Kay, Richard C. Stedman, James Ladlee (2018). Extractive Industries and Society-an International Journal, 596-609. 10.1016/j.exis.2018.06.006
Abstract:
It's been just over a decade since Unconventional Oil and Gas development began in earnest in the Marcellus Shale, a dense shale formation that, along with the deeper and larger Utica Shale, covers much of the mid-Atlantic United States. Since January 2008, approximately 15,939 wells have been drilled and fracked at 5674 sites across these shales. This decennial documents the pace, scale, and stages of actual development and takes stock of the social science on impacts to communities, people, policies, and culture. We have divided this article into the following sections that are categorized both geographically and thematically: Pennsylvania: Heart of the Marcellus Shale Play, focuses on the plethora of social science research that has occurred on impacts to Pennsylvania communities, health, economics, and agricultural production; West Virginia and Ohio: Legacies of Extraction discusses research on the overlapping historical legacies of extractive industries in the region and details results of original research examining perceived impacts to residents amid complex historical natural resource lineages; and New York: Fracking, Culture and Politics examines how the regulatory process to develop the Marcellus Shale affected both the state and nation's culture, politics, and policy as one of the most densely populated regions of the US came to grips with hosting the modern-day Oil and Gas Industry. We conclude with a discussion of emerging research opportunities and directions as a new generation of social scientists document future development in the Marcellus and Utica Shales.
It's been just over a decade since Unconventional Oil and Gas development began in earnest in the Marcellus Shale, a dense shale formation that, along with the deeper and larger Utica Shale, covers much of the mid-Atlantic United States. Since January 2008, approximately 15,939 wells have been drilled and fracked at 5674 sites across these shales. This decennial documents the pace, scale, and stages of actual development and takes stock of the social science on impacts to communities, people, policies, and culture. We have divided this article into the following sections that are categorized both geographically and thematically: Pennsylvania: Heart of the Marcellus Shale Play, focuses on the plethora of social science research that has occurred on impacts to Pennsylvania communities, health, economics, and agricultural production; West Virginia and Ohio: Legacies of Extraction discusses research on the overlapping historical legacies of extractive industries in the region and details results of original research examining perceived impacts to residents amid complex historical natural resource lineages; and New York: Fracking, Culture and Politics examines how the regulatory process to develop the Marcellus Shale affected both the state and nation's culture, politics, and policy as one of the most densely populated regions of the US came to grips with hosting the modern-day Oil and Gas Industry. We conclude with a discussion of emerging research opportunities and directions as a new generation of social scientists document future development in the Marcellus and Utica Shales.
Shale tales: Politics of knowledge and promises in Europe's shale gas discourses
Cantoni et al., November 2018
Shale tales: Politics of knowledge and promises in Europe's shale gas discourses
Roberto Cantoni, Matthias S. Klaes, Simone Lackerbauer, Claudia Foltyn, Reiner Keller (2018). Extractive Industries and Society-an International Journal, 535-546. 10.1016/j.exis.2018.09.004
Abstract:
Straddling the late 2000s and the early 2010s, and following the dawn of the 'shale gas revolution' in North America, European governments have considered the possibility to repeat such an endeavor. However, the great disparity of energy mixes and histories across the continent has caused diverse responses to these plans. In this paper, we focus on three countries whose governments made markedly different choices with respect to the development of shale gas and to the application of its related extractive technology, hydraulic fracturing: France, Germany, and Poland. We analyze the discursive strategies employed by advocates of this resource/technology to turn them into a legitimate and desirable option for national energy supply. For our investigation, we mobilize a combination of theoretical frameworks and concepts originating from discourse analysis (the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse), and science & technology studies (the regime of technoscientific promises). In doing so, we focus on the press and the grey literature. Our tripartite analysis reveals that the reception of shale gas was significantly shaped by the ways in which proponents built horizons of expectations, and inflected them by adapting them to different national contexts: that was ultimately a matter of discursively structured politics of knowledge.
Straddling the late 2000s and the early 2010s, and following the dawn of the 'shale gas revolution' in North America, European governments have considered the possibility to repeat such an endeavor. However, the great disparity of energy mixes and histories across the continent has caused diverse responses to these plans. In this paper, we focus on three countries whose governments made markedly different choices with respect to the development of shale gas and to the application of its related extractive technology, hydraulic fracturing: France, Germany, and Poland. We analyze the discursive strategies employed by advocates of this resource/technology to turn them into a legitimate and desirable option for national energy supply. For our investigation, we mobilize a combination of theoretical frameworks and concepts originating from discourse analysis (the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse), and science & technology studies (the regime of technoscientific promises). In doing so, we focus on the press and the grey literature. Our tripartite analysis reveals that the reception of shale gas was significantly shaped by the ways in which proponents built horizons of expectations, and inflected them by adapting them to different national contexts: that was ultimately a matter of discursively structured politics of knowledge.
Can shale gas development in Mexico be smart regulated? A qualitative analysis of the regulatory setting, challenges and perspectives
Jose Alberto Hernandez Ibarzabal, November 2018
Can shale gas development in Mexico be smart regulated? A qualitative analysis of the regulatory setting, challenges and perspectives
Jose Alberto Hernandez Ibarzabal (2018). Extractive Industries and Society-an International Journal, 490-498. 10.1016/j.exis.2018.08.008
Abstract:
This article examines shale gas development in Mexico. Its qualitative analysis focuses on the regulatory setting, challenges and perspectives, and on the feasibility to 'smartly regulate' this issue. The analysis demonstrates that Mexico's shale gas development is especially difficult to regulate due to its high complexity. Increasing environmental impacts, lack of regulatory and industry expertise and a novel regulatory setting with multiple regulators and levels of accountability increase the regulatory challenge. Innovative and complementary regulatory tools, best practice and specialised regulation are likely to lessen the environmental impacts associated with shale gas development and regulators have already made significant progress in this direction. The first competitive bidding for unconventional terrestrial resources was announced in March 2018 and is the tip of the iceberg of commercial production of Mexico's vast shale gas resources. Nevertheless, the particular complexity of regulating shale gas development in Mexico, suggests that even if 'smart regulation' is possible and is properly implemented substantial adverse environmental impacts may still occur.
This article examines shale gas development in Mexico. Its qualitative analysis focuses on the regulatory setting, challenges and perspectives, and on the feasibility to 'smartly regulate' this issue. The analysis demonstrates that Mexico's shale gas development is especially difficult to regulate due to its high complexity. Increasing environmental impacts, lack of regulatory and industry expertise and a novel regulatory setting with multiple regulators and levels of accountability increase the regulatory challenge. Innovative and complementary regulatory tools, best practice and specialised regulation are likely to lessen the environmental impacts associated with shale gas development and regulators have already made significant progress in this direction. The first competitive bidding for unconventional terrestrial resources was announced in March 2018 and is the tip of the iceberg of commercial production of Mexico's vast shale gas resources. Nevertheless, the particular complexity of regulating shale gas development in Mexico, suggests that even if 'smart regulation' is possible and is properly implemented substantial adverse environmental impacts may still occur.
Ensuring health and environmental protection in hydraulic fracturing: A focus on British Columbia and Alberta, Canada
Larkin et al., November 2018
Ensuring health and environmental protection in hydraulic fracturing: A focus on British Columbia and Alberta, Canada
Patricia Larkin, Robert Gracie, Maurice Dusseault, Daniel Krewski (2018). Extractive Industries and Society-an International Journal, 581-595. 10.1016/j.exis.2018.07.006
Abstract:
Unconventional natural gas resources recovered using hydraulic fracturing (HF) is contributing to national energy self-sufficiency and could be a significant factor in the global transition to a low carbon economy. Using an integrated risk management framework, we conduct a comparative analysis of practices and review recommendations of a regulatory, economic, advisory, community-based, or technological nature for British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Lessons learned from international assessments of risk issues are also considered. Overall, there is much less emphasis on potential impacts on human health than on the environment. The analysis also identifies a need for a strong and adequately resourced regulatory framework that works in concert with enhanced technological requirements; evidence-based emissions standards; regulated and/or community-based setbacks and buffer zones; operational surveillance, reporting, and disclosure of value-chain activities in an accessible and transparent way; community participation in the development of these mechanisms; and provision for legacy sites. Economic options such as performance-based taxes and fees, industry-funded studies, the role of carbon taxes, and cost allocations to protect or improve determinants of health are the least advanced option. This analysis provides support for the development of a risk management policy agenda with respect to broad and persistent HF risk management issues.
Unconventional natural gas resources recovered using hydraulic fracturing (HF) is contributing to national energy self-sufficiency and could be a significant factor in the global transition to a low carbon economy. Using an integrated risk management framework, we conduct a comparative analysis of practices and review recommendations of a regulatory, economic, advisory, community-based, or technological nature for British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Lessons learned from international assessments of risk issues are also considered. Overall, there is much less emphasis on potential impacts on human health than on the environment. The analysis also identifies a need for a strong and adequately resourced regulatory framework that works in concert with enhanced technological requirements; evidence-based emissions standards; regulated and/or community-based setbacks and buffer zones; operational surveillance, reporting, and disclosure of value-chain activities in an accessible and transparent way; community participation in the development of these mechanisms; and provision for legacy sites. Economic options such as performance-based taxes and fees, industry-funded studies, the role of carbon taxes, and cost allocations to protect or improve determinants of health are the least advanced option. This analysis provides support for the development of a risk management policy agenda with respect to broad and persistent HF risk management issues.
The impact of shale development on crop farmers: how the size and location of farms matter
Jessica A. Crowe, October 2018
The impact of shale development on crop farmers: how the size and location of farms matter
Jessica A. Crowe (2018). Agriculture and Human Values, . 10.1007/s10460-018-9882-4
Abstract:
New technologies coupled with high energy prices, a desire for energy independence, and cleaner energy, have led to many energy companies investing large amounts of capital into rural places. In the last decade, along with solar and wind, unconventional shale oil and gas production has risen steeply throughout the United States (U.S. Energy Information Administration, Drilling productivity report, 2018) boosting economic growth and stimulating wealth creation in many communities. Because farmers own or operate over half of rural lands in the lower 48 states, the possibility is high for shale development to contribute to the financial well-being of farmers with land in shale regions. However, by focusing on the large royalties of some landowners, environmental and social risks that farmers encounter may be overlooked. To address the gap of farmer impacts, I examine the experiences and perceptions of crop farm owners who reside in two established shale plays: the Bakken region in North Dakota and the Marcellus region in Pennsylvania and in one emerging shale play: the New Albany region in Southern Illinois. I survey farm owners of both large and small crop farms, who farm a variety of crops both by conventional and organic methods. By having such a diverse sample of farm owners in both established shale plays and emerging shale plays, I explore how farmers’ experiences differ with respect to their finances and investments, environmental degradation as well as how their perceptions of trust in oil and gas companies and community rifts differ.
New technologies coupled with high energy prices, a desire for energy independence, and cleaner energy, have led to many energy companies investing large amounts of capital into rural places. In the last decade, along with solar and wind, unconventional shale oil and gas production has risen steeply throughout the United States (U.S. Energy Information Administration, Drilling productivity report, 2018) boosting economic growth and stimulating wealth creation in many communities. Because farmers own or operate over half of rural lands in the lower 48 states, the possibility is high for shale development to contribute to the financial well-being of farmers with land in shale regions. However, by focusing on the large royalties of some landowners, environmental and social risks that farmers encounter may be overlooked. To address the gap of farmer impacts, I examine the experiences and perceptions of crop farm owners who reside in two established shale plays: the Bakken region in North Dakota and the Marcellus region in Pennsylvania and in one emerging shale play: the New Albany region in Southern Illinois. I survey farm owners of both large and small crop farms, who farm a variety of crops both by conventional and organic methods. By having such a diverse sample of farm owners in both established shale plays and emerging shale plays, I explore how farmers’ experiences differ with respect to their finances and investments, environmental degradation as well as how their perceptions of trust in oil and gas companies and community rifts differ.
Identifying groundwater compartmentalisation for hydraulic fracturing risk assessments
Wilson et al., October 2018
Identifying groundwater compartmentalisation for hydraulic fracturing risk assessments
Miles Perry Wilson, Fred Worrall, Richard Davies, Alwyn Hart (2018). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, . 10.1039/C8EM00300A
Abstract:
An environmental concern with hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is that injected fluids or formation fluids could migrate upwards along high-permeability faults and contaminate shallow groundwater resources. However, numerical modelling has suggested that compartmentalisation by low-permeability faults may be a greater risk factor to shallow aquifers than high-permeability faults because lateral groundwater flow is reduced and upward flow through strata may be encouraged. Therefore, it is important that compartmentalisation can be adequately identified prior to fracking. As a case study we used historical groundwater quality data and two-dimensional seismic reflection data from the Bowland Basin, northwest England, to investigate if compartmentalisation could be adequately identified in a prospective shale basin. Five groundwater properties were spatially autocorrelated and interpolation suggests a regional trend from recent (<10,000 years old) meteoric groundwater in the upland Forest of Bowland to more brackish groundwater across the Fylde plain. Principal components analysis suggests two end-member brackish groundwater types. These end-members along with seismic interpretation suggest that a fault may structurally compartmentalise the northwest Bowland Basin. Furthermore, the Woodsfold fault structurally compartmentalises the southern Fylde and the Blackpool area provides evidence for stratigraphic compartmentalisation in the Superficial Deposits. However, large areas of the Bowland Basin are not sampled and the influence of known faults on groundwater is therefore difficult to assess. Consequently, the adequate identification of compartmentalisation in prospective basins may require supplementing historic data with dedicated basin-wide groundwater monitoring programmes and the acquisition of new seismic reflection data in areas of poor coverage or quality.
An environmental concern with hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is that injected fluids or formation fluids could migrate upwards along high-permeability faults and contaminate shallow groundwater resources. However, numerical modelling has suggested that compartmentalisation by low-permeability faults may be a greater risk factor to shallow aquifers than high-permeability faults because lateral groundwater flow is reduced and upward flow through strata may be encouraged. Therefore, it is important that compartmentalisation can be adequately identified prior to fracking. As a case study we used historical groundwater quality data and two-dimensional seismic reflection data from the Bowland Basin, northwest England, to investigate if compartmentalisation could be adequately identified in a prospective shale basin. Five groundwater properties were spatially autocorrelated and interpolation suggests a regional trend from recent (<10,000 years old) meteoric groundwater in the upland Forest of Bowland to more brackish groundwater across the Fylde plain. Principal components analysis suggests two end-member brackish groundwater types. These end-members along with seismic interpretation suggest that a fault may structurally compartmentalise the northwest Bowland Basin. Furthermore, the Woodsfold fault structurally compartmentalises the southern Fylde and the Blackpool area provides evidence for stratigraphic compartmentalisation in the Superficial Deposits. However, large areas of the Bowland Basin are not sampled and the influence of known faults on groundwater is therefore difficult to assess. Consequently, the adequate identification of compartmentalisation in prospective basins may require supplementing historic data with dedicated basin-wide groundwater monitoring programmes and the acquisition of new seismic reflection data in areas of poor coverage or quality.
Birth and Death(?) of the Anti-Fracking Movement: Inferences from Quantity of Coverage Theory
Allan Mazur, October 2018
Birth and Death(?) of the Anti-Fracking Movement: Inferences from Quantity of Coverage Theory
Allan Mazur (2018). Society, . 10.1007/s12115-018-0305-3
Abstract:
Public opposition to fracking is one of numerous movements expressing concern about health or environmental risks of a (usually) new technology. These have at their core an esoteric dispute between technical experts, but laypeople also become actively involved, usually as volunteers. They may live close to pertinent sites, motivated by fears for their families and property, or they may be people living farther away, attracted to the opposition for ideological reasons. (Opposition to fracking is a politically liberal position.) Activism is increasingly motivated when the issue is “hot” and diminishes when it cools down. According to Quantity of Coverage Theory (QCT), the “hotness” of an issue – therefore the degree of activism -- largely depends on its presence in the mass media. The American anti-fracking movement arose fairly quickly around 2010–11. News coverage peaked during 2012–14 and is now diminishing. Similar peaks and declines are observed in British and German news media, consistent with the power of central American media to influence news coverage in other industrial nations. Inferentially, from declining news coverage, the anti-fracking movement is waning, perhaps dying. Lacking direct measures of activism, QCT provides a lens through which to see the rise and fall of the movement.
Public opposition to fracking is one of numerous movements expressing concern about health or environmental risks of a (usually) new technology. These have at their core an esoteric dispute between technical experts, but laypeople also become actively involved, usually as volunteers. They may live close to pertinent sites, motivated by fears for their families and property, or they may be people living farther away, attracted to the opposition for ideological reasons. (Opposition to fracking is a politically liberal position.) Activism is increasingly motivated when the issue is “hot” and diminishes when it cools down. According to Quantity of Coverage Theory (QCT), the “hotness” of an issue – therefore the degree of activism -- largely depends on its presence in the mass media. The American anti-fracking movement arose fairly quickly around 2010–11. News coverage peaked during 2012–14 and is now diminishing. Similar peaks and declines are observed in British and German news media, consistent with the power of central American media to influence news coverage in other industrial nations. Inferentially, from declining news coverage, the anti-fracking movement is waning, perhaps dying. Lacking direct measures of activism, QCT provides a lens through which to see the rise and fall of the movement.
The Effect of the Oil and Gas Boom on Schooling Decisions in the U.S
Zuo et al., October 2018
The Effect of the Oil and Gas Boom on Schooling Decisions in the U.S
Na Zuo, Jack Schieffer, Steven Buck (2018). Resource and Energy Economics, . 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2018.10.002
Abstract:
The development of cost-effective technologies, along with high crude oil and natural gas prices, accelerated shale oil and gas extraction in the United States in the early 2000s. We explore the schooling response to this boom, taking advantage of timing and spatial variation in well-drilling activities. We show that intensive drilling activities decreased grade 11 and 12 enrollment over the 14-year study period—41,760 fewer students enrolled per year across the 15 states considered in this analysis (95% C.I.: 12,685 to 71,567). We investigate heterogeneous effects and show that the effect was larger in states with a younger compulsory schooling age (16 years of age instead of 17 or 18), in states with a lower effective tax rate on oil and gas production, and in non-metro counties with traditional mining or persistent poverty.
The development of cost-effective technologies, along with high crude oil and natural gas prices, accelerated shale oil and gas extraction in the United States in the early 2000s. We explore the schooling response to this boom, taking advantage of timing and spatial variation in well-drilling activities. We show that intensive drilling activities decreased grade 11 and 12 enrollment over the 14-year study period—41,760 fewer students enrolled per year across the 15 states considered in this analysis (95% C.I.: 12,685 to 71,567). We investigate heterogeneous effects and show that the effect was larger in states with a younger compulsory schooling age (16 years of age instead of 17 or 18), in states with a lower effective tax rate on oil and gas production, and in non-metro counties with traditional mining or persistent poverty.
Yet more ‘fracking’ social science: An overview of unconventional hydrocarbon development globally
Darrick Evensen, October 2018
Yet more ‘fracking’ social science: An overview of unconventional hydrocarbon development globally
Darrick Evensen (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.10.010
Abstract:
In this introduction to the special issue on ‘social aspects of unconventional hydrocarbon development globally’ I explain the unique contributions made by the 26 research articles contained herein. Following a discussion of why additional research on social aspects of unconventional hydrocarbon development is still useful and relevant, I concisely describe ten major themes that emerged across the range of articles presented in this issue: (1) substantial regional differences in public reactions, perceptions, and policy, (2) context dependence, (3) role of experience with prior extraction, (4) critiques of policy and regulation, (5) procedural justice deficits, (6) distributive justice issues, (7) engagement and response from industry and government, (8) characterisation of opposition and activism, (9) interaction between actors internationally, and (10) a need for a long-term view. I conclude with my thoughts on the most promising areas for future research, including longitudinal research, comparisons across less developed and more developed nations, investigations of relationships between actors from different countries, and further examination of energy justice, specifically in relation to public representation in decision making processes.
In this introduction to the special issue on ‘social aspects of unconventional hydrocarbon development globally’ I explain the unique contributions made by the 26 research articles contained herein. Following a discussion of why additional research on social aspects of unconventional hydrocarbon development is still useful and relevant, I concisely describe ten major themes that emerged across the range of articles presented in this issue: (1) substantial regional differences in public reactions, perceptions, and policy, (2) context dependence, (3) role of experience with prior extraction, (4) critiques of policy and regulation, (5) procedural justice deficits, (6) distributive justice issues, (7) engagement and response from industry and government, (8) characterisation of opposition and activism, (9) interaction between actors internationally, and (10) a need for a long-term view. I conclude with my thoughts on the most promising areas for future research, including longitudinal research, comparisons across less developed and more developed nations, investigations of relationships between actors from different countries, and further examination of energy justice, specifically in relation to public representation in decision making processes.
Forward osmosis remediation of high salinity Permian Basin produced water from unconventional oil and gas development
Liden et al., October 2018
Forward osmosis remediation of high salinity Permian Basin produced water from unconventional oil and gas development
Tiffany Liden, Doug D. Carlton, Shinji Miyazaki, Takehiko Otoyo, Kevin A. Schug (2018). Science of The Total Environment, . 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.325
Abstract:
Unconventional oil and gas operations are on the rise and an integral component to meeting the nation's energy needs. Produced water is the primary by-product of oil and gas operations, and it has proven challenging to treat to date. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using forward osmosis with thin-film composite hollow fiber membranes as a remediation option for produced water with high total dissolved solids levels from the Permian Basin. Trials consisted of a series of 5 experiments in order to evaluate the performance of the membrane. Three PW samples, each from different locations, were used to conduct the series of experiments and compare the performance of the membranes with TDS levels ranging from 16,000 to 210,000 mg/L. It can be concluded that forward osmosis can be used to extract water from high salinity oil field brines and PW. Flux decreased over the course of the trials due to a combination of membrane fouling, concentration polarization, and temperature fluctuations. The flux of the PW was similar to the flux measured for the PW mimic with small difference due to the influence of activity on the osmotic pressure. The flux was also influenced by temperature and the linear velocity of the feed solution and draw solution.
Unconventional oil and gas operations are on the rise and an integral component to meeting the nation's energy needs. Produced water is the primary by-product of oil and gas operations, and it has proven challenging to treat to date. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using forward osmosis with thin-film composite hollow fiber membranes as a remediation option for produced water with high total dissolved solids levels from the Permian Basin. Trials consisted of a series of 5 experiments in order to evaluate the performance of the membrane. Three PW samples, each from different locations, were used to conduct the series of experiments and compare the performance of the membranes with TDS levels ranging from 16,000 to 210,000 mg/L. It can be concluded that forward osmosis can be used to extract water from high salinity oil field brines and PW. Flux decreased over the course of the trials due to a combination of membrane fouling, concentration polarization, and temperature fluctuations. The flux of the PW was similar to the flux measured for the PW mimic with small difference due to the influence of activity on the osmotic pressure. The flux was also influenced by temperature and the linear velocity of the feed solution and draw solution.
Temporal variability largely explains top-down/bottom-up difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas production region
Vaughn et al., October 2018
Temporal variability largely explains top-down/bottom-up difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas production region
Timothy L. Vaughn, Clay S. Bell, Cody K. Pickering, Stefan Schwietzke, Garvin A. Heath, Gabrielle Pétron, Daniel J. Zimmerle, Russell C. Schnell, Dag Nummedal (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201805687. 10.1073/pnas.1805687115
Abstract:
This study spatially and temporally aligns top-down and bottom-up methane emission estimates for a natural gas production basin, using multiscale emission measurements and detailed activity data reporting. We show that episodic venting from manual liquid unloadings, which occur at a small fraction of natural gas well pads, drives a factor-of-two temporal variation in the basin-scale emission rate of a US dry shale gas play. The midafternoon peak emission rate aligns with the sampling time of all regional aircraft emission studies, which target well-mixed boundary layer conditions present in the afternoon. A mechanistic understanding of emission estimates derived from various methods is critical for unbiased emission verification and effective greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Our results demonstrate that direct comparison of emission estimates from methods covering widely different timescales can be misleading.
This study spatially and temporally aligns top-down and bottom-up methane emission estimates for a natural gas production basin, using multiscale emission measurements and detailed activity data reporting. We show that episodic venting from manual liquid unloadings, which occur at a small fraction of natural gas well pads, drives a factor-of-two temporal variation in the basin-scale emission rate of a US dry shale gas play. The midafternoon peak emission rate aligns with the sampling time of all regional aircraft emission studies, which target well-mixed boundary layer conditions present in the afternoon. A mechanistic understanding of emission estimates derived from various methods is critical for unbiased emission verification and effective greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Our results demonstrate that direct comparison of emission estimates from methods covering widely different timescales can be misleading.
Is ‘activist’ a dirty word? Place identity, activism and unconventional gas development across three continents
Luke et al., October 2018
Is ‘activist’ a dirty word? Place identity, activism and unconventional gas development across three continents
Hanabeth Luke, Elisabet Dueholm Rasch, Darrick Evensen, Michiel Köhne (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.09.014
Abstract:
Communities respond to unconventional gas in a variety of ways. In some communities, industry has held a social license, while in other areas, industrial development has been slowed, halted, or prevented by social resistance. Repeatedly, across multiple nations and communities, we have observed that social identities that either incorporate or eschew activism intersect with perceptions of this development’s effect on place identity to either foster or discourage opposition. Particularly interesting are cases in which fracking is perceived to threaten local place identity, but where activism conflicts with social identity. To mobilise different sectors of the population, it often appears important for local residents to be perceived as ‘regular citizens’ and not as activists. We explore how intersection of social identities and place identity shaped the different ways in which communities in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United States have responded to unconventional gas development. Communities resisting development often see ‘activism’ as something that ‘outsiders’ do and that must be rejected as insufficiently objective and neutral. This view of activism and activists produces specific forms of resistance that differ from typical ‘activist’ actions, in which ‘knowledge’, ‘information’, neutrality, and objectivity are particularly important.
Communities respond to unconventional gas in a variety of ways. In some communities, industry has held a social license, while in other areas, industrial development has been slowed, halted, or prevented by social resistance. Repeatedly, across multiple nations and communities, we have observed that social identities that either incorporate or eschew activism intersect with perceptions of this development’s effect on place identity to either foster or discourage opposition. Particularly interesting are cases in which fracking is perceived to threaten local place identity, but where activism conflicts with social identity. To mobilise different sectors of the population, it often appears important for local residents to be perceived as ‘regular citizens’ and not as activists. We explore how intersection of social identities and place identity shaped the different ways in which communities in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United States have responded to unconventional gas development. Communities resisting development often see ‘activism’ as something that ‘outsiders’ do and that must be rejected as insufficiently objective and neutral. This view of activism and activists produces specific forms of resistance that differ from typical ‘activist’ actions, in which ‘knowledge’, ‘information’, neutrality, and objectivity are particularly important.
Unconventional gas development in Australia: A critical review of its social license
Luke et al., October 2018
Unconventional gas development in Australia: A critical review of its social license
Hanabeth Luke, Martin Brueckner, Nia Emmanouil (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.10.006
Abstract:
This paper provides an overview of unconventional gas developments in Australia and attendant public reactions to them through the lens of the ‘social license’ concept. An analysis of some of the relevant academic literature offers insights into how social license is understood, conceptualised and operationalised across Australian states and territories, surveying a variety of approaches to understand social and health impacts of developments; perceptions of developments, including their perceived legitimacy; and regulatory influences. Case examples from across Australia highlight the importance of procedural justice in industry-community conflict situations and the heterogeneity of social license outcomes. These insights suggest that social infrastructure can play an important role in social license negotiations. Further research priorities into the social dimensions of unconventional gas development are identified in the areas of cumulative health and social impacts; governance (and social license) implications in relation to resources; place and people; and better understanding social license in the context of other States and local contexts, specifically Australia’s First Nations. Both the ways in which a social license evolves over space and time, and how community concerns are responded to by industry and decision makers in different contexts, raises questions for further inquiry, specifically in relation to power asymmetries between industry, government and communities.
This paper provides an overview of unconventional gas developments in Australia and attendant public reactions to them through the lens of the ‘social license’ concept. An analysis of some of the relevant academic literature offers insights into how social license is understood, conceptualised and operationalised across Australian states and territories, surveying a variety of approaches to understand social and health impacts of developments; perceptions of developments, including their perceived legitimacy; and regulatory influences. Case examples from across Australia highlight the importance of procedural justice in industry-community conflict situations and the heterogeneity of social license outcomes. These insights suggest that social infrastructure can play an important role in social license negotiations. Further research priorities into the social dimensions of unconventional gas development are identified in the areas of cumulative health and social impacts; governance (and social license) implications in relation to resources; place and people; and better understanding social license in the context of other States and local contexts, specifically Australia’s First Nations. Both the ways in which a social license evolves over space and time, and how community concerns are responded to by industry and decision makers in different contexts, raises questions for further inquiry, specifically in relation to power asymmetries between industry, government and communities.
Unconventionally contentious: Frack Free South Africa’s challenge to the oil and gas industry
Jasper Finkeldey, October 2018
Unconventionally contentious: Frack Free South Africa’s challenge to the oil and gas industry
Jasper Finkeldey (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.08.006
Abstract:
Exploration applications that could lead to unconventional gas exploitation in large parts of South Africa have encountered sustained opposition by social movements. This article looks into Frack Free South Africa's (FFSA) challenges to the government-supported development strategy of shale gas as a supposed means to create jobs and ensure energy autonomy. Adding to discussions in social movement scholarship this article contributes by exploring political, spatial and organizational opportunities afforded by FFSA's activist campaign. The article concludes that in order to grow the movement needs to embrace more inclusive campaign strategies.
Exploration applications that could lead to unconventional gas exploitation in large parts of South Africa have encountered sustained opposition by social movements. This article looks into Frack Free South Africa's (FFSA) challenges to the government-supported development strategy of shale gas as a supposed means to create jobs and ensure energy autonomy. Adding to discussions in social movement scholarship this article contributes by exploring political, spatial and organizational opportunities afforded by FFSA's activist campaign. The article concludes that in order to grow the movement needs to embrace more inclusive campaign strategies.
Identifying policy and legal issues for shale gas development in Algeria: A SWOT analysis
Azubuike et al., October 2018
Identifying policy and legal issues for shale gas development in Algeria: A SWOT analysis
Smith I. Azubuike, Ondotimi Songi, Macdonald Irowarisima, John K. Chinda (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.10.005
Abstract:
In the face of declining natural gas production, depleting foreign revenue and the local and international demand for natural gas, Algeria seeks to develop its substantial shale gas potential to avoid economic decline. This paper uses a SWOT analysis method to identify key policy and legal issues for shale gas development in Algeria. It broadly investigates the internal strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) and external opportunities (O) and threats (T) facing Algeria’s shale gas development. Qualitative data from policies, laws, and reports, and literature reviews from books and journal articles are utilised in examining Algeria's external and internal environment concerning the development of its shale gas. Based on the analysis, this paper identifies alternative strategies and responses for the development of shale gas resource in Algeria. Thus, it is necessary for providing the Algerian government and other stakeholders with the relevant information to identify which course of action it could take with reference to developing the country’s shale gas. It further provides researchers with a foundational understanding of the broad context surrounding development so that future research can also assess shale gas development in Algeria.
In the face of declining natural gas production, depleting foreign revenue and the local and international demand for natural gas, Algeria seeks to develop its substantial shale gas potential to avoid economic decline. This paper uses a SWOT analysis method to identify key policy and legal issues for shale gas development in Algeria. It broadly investigates the internal strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) and external opportunities (O) and threats (T) facing Algeria’s shale gas development. Qualitative data from policies, laws, and reports, and literature reviews from books and journal articles are utilised in examining Algeria's external and internal environment concerning the development of its shale gas. Based on the analysis, this paper identifies alternative strategies and responses for the development of shale gas resource in Algeria. Thus, it is necessary for providing the Algerian government and other stakeholders with the relevant information to identify which course of action it could take with reference to developing the country’s shale gas. It further provides researchers with a foundational understanding of the broad context surrounding development so that future research can also assess shale gas development in Algeria.
Atmospheric impacts of a natural gas development within the urban context of Morgantown, West Virginia
Williams et al., October 2018
Atmospheric impacts of a natural gas development within the urban context of Morgantown, West Virginia
Philip J. Williams, Matthew Reeder, Natalie J. Pekney, David Risk, John Osborne, Michael McCawley (2018). Science of The Total Environment, 406-416. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.422
Abstract:
The Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) in West Virginia provides a unique opportunity in the field of unconventional energy research. By studying near-surface atmospheric chemistry over several phases of a hydraulic fracturing event, the project will help evaluate the impact of current practices, as well as new techniques and mitigation technologies. A total of 10 mobile surveys covering a distance of approximately 1500 km were conducted through Morgantown. Our surveying technique involved using a vehicle-mounted Los Gatos Research gas analyzer to provide geo-located measurements of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The ratios of super-ambient concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were used to separate well-pad emissions from the natural background concentrations over the various stages of well-pad development, as well as for comparisons to other urban sources of CH4. We found that regional background methane concentrations were elevated in all surveys, with a mean concentration of 2.699 ± 0.006 ppmv, which simply reflected the complexity of this riverine urban location. Emissions at the site were the greatest during the flow-back phase, with an estimated CH4 volume output of 20.62 ± 7.07 g/s, which was significantly higher than other identified urban emitters. Our study was able to successfully identify and quantify MSEEL emissions within this complex urban environment.
The Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) in West Virginia provides a unique opportunity in the field of unconventional energy research. By studying near-surface atmospheric chemistry over several phases of a hydraulic fracturing event, the project will help evaluate the impact of current practices, as well as new techniques and mitigation technologies. A total of 10 mobile surveys covering a distance of approximately 1500 km were conducted through Morgantown. Our surveying technique involved using a vehicle-mounted Los Gatos Research gas analyzer to provide geo-located measurements of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The ratios of super-ambient concentrations of CO2 and CH4 were used to separate well-pad emissions from the natural background concentrations over the various stages of well-pad development, as well as for comparisons to other urban sources of CH4. We found that regional background methane concentrations were elevated in all surveys, with a mean concentration of 2.699 ± 0.006 ppmv, which simply reflected the complexity of this riverine urban location. Emissions at the site were the greatest during the flow-back phase, with an estimated CH4 volume output of 20.62 ± 7.07 g/s, which was significantly higher than other identified urban emitters. Our study was able to successfully identify and quantify MSEEL emissions within this complex urban environment.
Fuzzy clustering analysis of hydraulic fracturing additives for environmental and human health risk mitigation
Hu et al., October 2018
Fuzzy clustering analysis of hydraulic fracturing additives for environmental and human health risk mitigation
Guangji Hu, Manjot Kaur, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq (2018). Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, . 10.1007/s10098-018-1614-3
Abstract:
Chemical additives used in hydraulic fracturing (HF) for unconventional natural gas production can be a risk to environmental and human health (EHH). The EHH risk is affected by three factors: the chemical hazard measured, the certainty of the measured hazard, and the use frequencies of additives. Limited studies have holistically assessed the EHH risks of HF additives. This study qualitatively analyzed the EHH risks of 105 representative HF additives used in British Columbia, Canada, based on the three previously listed factors using a fuzzy clustering analysis approach. The performance of additives on these factors was converted into indices using an indexing system. The indices were grouped into seven clusters according to their relative similarities. The EHH risk of each cluster was interpreted based on the resulting indices. Results show that additives grouped in clusters 7 and 2 have relatively high EHH risks, which require special attention in HF operations. Clusters 4, 1, and 5 were identified as having moderate EHH risks, while clusters 6 and 3 are of low EHH risk concerns. Many iron control agents were classified into cluster 7, indicating that this type of additives is associated with a high EHH risk. Many friction reducers and gelling agents were classified into cluster 4 characterized by the highest hazard uncertainty. Assessment of hypothetical fracturing fluids shows that using additives grouped in clusters with a low risk could help mitigate the EHH impacts posed by HF chemicals.Graphical abstract Open image in new window
Chemical additives used in hydraulic fracturing (HF) for unconventional natural gas production can be a risk to environmental and human health (EHH). The EHH risk is affected by three factors: the chemical hazard measured, the certainty of the measured hazard, and the use frequencies of additives. Limited studies have holistically assessed the EHH risks of HF additives. This study qualitatively analyzed the EHH risks of 105 representative HF additives used in British Columbia, Canada, based on the three previously listed factors using a fuzzy clustering analysis approach. The performance of additives on these factors was converted into indices using an indexing system. The indices were grouped into seven clusters according to their relative similarities. The EHH risk of each cluster was interpreted based on the resulting indices. Results show that additives grouped in clusters 7 and 2 have relatively high EHH risks, which require special attention in HF operations. Clusters 4, 1, and 5 were identified as having moderate EHH risks, while clusters 6 and 3 are of low EHH risk concerns. Many iron control agents were classified into cluster 7, indicating that this type of additives is associated with a high EHH risk. Many friction reducers and gelling agents were classified into cluster 4 characterized by the highest hazard uncertainty. Assessment of hypothetical fracturing fluids shows that using additives grouped in clusters with a low risk could help mitigate the EHH impacts posed by HF chemicals.Graphical abstract Open image in new window
Fuel to the fire: Risk governance and framing of shale gas in the Netherlands
Tamara Metze, October 2018
Fuel to the fire: Risk governance and framing of shale gas in the Netherlands
Tamara Metze (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.09.016
Abstract:
Public resistance to shale gas in the Netherlands came as a surprise to governing actors. The Netherlands was a ‘gas land’ and shale gas extraction had been successfully framed as ‘business as usual’. However, in the eyes of the general public it turned into a ‘risky business’, and national government had to adjust their risk governance strategies. This study of the dynamics between national government’s risk governance strategies, framing, and societal responses, shows that this wicked problem could not be managed by authoritative risk governance strategies, nor by collaborative risk governance strategies. Rather, these strategies added fuel to the fire, and resistance increased. The results indicate that all sorts of risk governance strategies, but especially collaborative risk governance strategies, should better take into account the normative dimensions of a conflict, and reflect on who is the legitimate actor to govern the issue. This ‘controversy governance’ includes the possibility to discuss the desirability and necessity of mining activities, and a reflection on who is a legitimate decision maker on a wicked problem.
Public resistance to shale gas in the Netherlands came as a surprise to governing actors. The Netherlands was a ‘gas land’ and shale gas extraction had been successfully framed as ‘business as usual’. However, in the eyes of the general public it turned into a ‘risky business’, and national government had to adjust their risk governance strategies. This study of the dynamics between national government’s risk governance strategies, framing, and societal responses, shows that this wicked problem could not be managed by authoritative risk governance strategies, nor by collaborative risk governance strategies. Rather, these strategies added fuel to the fire, and resistance increased. The results indicate that all sorts of risk governance strategies, but especially collaborative risk governance strategies, should better take into account the normative dimensions of a conflict, and reflect on who is the legitimate actor to govern the issue. This ‘controversy governance’ includes the possibility to discuss the desirability and necessity of mining activities, and a reflection on who is a legitimate decision maker on a wicked problem.
The Eagle Ford and Bakken shale regions of the United States: A comparative case study
Emily Grubert, October 2018
The Eagle Ford and Bakken shale regions of the United States: A comparative case study
Emily Grubert (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.09.011
Abstract:
The Eagle Ford and Bakken shale oil plays in the United States (US) have experienced dramatic production increases since 2010, with implications for their communities in Texas and North Dakota (and to a lesser extent, Montana). In both cases, production increased from insignificant or low levels to about a quarter of US production each over five years, largely due to prices and the availability of modern horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques. This comparative case study of the Eagle Ford and Bakken regions focuses on the effects of these rapid changes on communities. Overall, this work finds that dynamics associated with strained infrastructure followed patterns similar to those seen in other modern US boom regions. Bakken participants perceived impacts as more severe than Eagle Ford participants, potentially due to greater isolation and limitations associated with extreme winter conditions. In both regions, anticipation of a bust affected behavior in a manner not commonly observed in regions where prior boom/bust cycles do not exist in living memory. Both Bakken and Eagle Ford participants described an idealized future where long-term shale-related prosperity could stabilize their communities, despite an understanding that this was an unlikely outcome.
The Eagle Ford and Bakken shale oil plays in the United States (US) have experienced dramatic production increases since 2010, with implications for their communities in Texas and North Dakota (and to a lesser extent, Montana). In both cases, production increased from insignificant or low levels to about a quarter of US production each over five years, largely due to prices and the availability of modern horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques. This comparative case study of the Eagle Ford and Bakken regions focuses on the effects of these rapid changes on communities. Overall, this work finds that dynamics associated with strained infrastructure followed patterns similar to those seen in other modern US boom regions. Bakken participants perceived impacts as more severe than Eagle Ford participants, potentially due to greater isolation and limitations associated with extreme winter conditions. In both regions, anticipation of a bust affected behavior in a manner not commonly observed in regions where prior boom/bust cycles do not exist in living memory. Both Bakken and Eagle Ford participants described an idealized future where long-term shale-related prosperity could stabilize their communities, despite an understanding that this was an unlikely outcome.
Simultaneous removal of organic matter and iron from hydraulic fracturing flowback water through sulfur cycling in a microbial fuel cell
Zhang et al., October 2018
Simultaneous removal of organic matter and iron from hydraulic fracturing flowback water through sulfur cycling in a microbial fuel cell
Xiaoting Zhang, Daijun Zhang, Yongkui Huang, Kai Zhang, Peili Lu (2018). Water Research, . 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.020
Abstract:
The high volume of flowback water (FW) generated during shale gas exploitation is highly saline, and contains complex organics, iron, heavy metals, and sulfate, thereby posing a significant challenge for the environmental management of the unconventional natural gas industry. Herein, the treatment of FW in a sulfur-cycle-mediated microbial fuel cell (MFC) is reported. Simultaneous removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total iron from a synthetic FW was achieved, at 72±7% and 90.6±8.7%, respectively, with power generation of 2667±529 mW/m3 in a closed-circuit MFC (CC-MFC). However, much lower iron removal (38.5±4.5%) occurred in the open-circuit MFC (OC-MFC), where the generated FeS fine did not precipitate because of sulfide supersaturation. Enrichment of both sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), namely Helicobacteraceae in the anolyte and the electricity-producing bacteria, namely Desulfuromonadales on the anode likely accelerated the sulfur cycle through the biological and bioelectrochemical oxidation of sulfide in the anodic chamber, and effectively increased the molar ratio of total iron to sulfide, thus alleviating sulfide supersaturation in the closed circuitry. Enrichment of SOB in the anolyte might be attributed to the formation of FeS electricity wire and likely contributed to the stable high power generation. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi enriched in the anodic chamber were responsible for degrading complex organics in the FW. The treatment of real FW in the sulfur-cycle-mediated MFC also achieved high efficiency. This research provides a promising approach for the treatment of wastewater containing organic matters, heavy metals, and sulfate by using a sulfur-cycle-mediated MFC.
The high volume of flowback water (FW) generated during shale gas exploitation is highly saline, and contains complex organics, iron, heavy metals, and sulfate, thereby posing a significant challenge for the environmental management of the unconventional natural gas industry. Herein, the treatment of FW in a sulfur-cycle-mediated microbial fuel cell (MFC) is reported. Simultaneous removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total iron from a synthetic FW was achieved, at 72±7% and 90.6±8.7%, respectively, with power generation of 2667±529 mW/m3 in a closed-circuit MFC (CC-MFC). However, much lower iron removal (38.5±4.5%) occurred in the open-circuit MFC (OC-MFC), where the generated FeS fine did not precipitate because of sulfide supersaturation. Enrichment of both sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB), namely Helicobacteraceae in the anolyte and the electricity-producing bacteria, namely Desulfuromonadales on the anode likely accelerated the sulfur cycle through the biological and bioelectrochemical oxidation of sulfide in the anodic chamber, and effectively increased the molar ratio of total iron to sulfide, thus alleviating sulfide supersaturation in the closed circuitry. Enrichment of SOB in the anolyte might be attributed to the formation of FeS electricity wire and likely contributed to the stable high power generation. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi enriched in the anodic chamber were responsible for degrading complex organics in the FW. The treatment of real FW in the sulfur-cycle-mediated MFC also achieved high efficiency. This research provides a promising approach for the treatment of wastewater containing organic matters, heavy metals, and sulfate by using a sulfur-cycle-mediated MFC.
Industry and government responses to unconventional gas development in Australia
Witt et al., October 2018
Industry and government responses to unconventional gas development in Australia
Katherine Witt, Stephen Kelemen, Helen Schultz, Vlado Vivoda (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.09.012
Abstract:
In Australia, a series of independent inquiries into onshore unconventional gas have all concluded that the technical risks can be managed, albeit pending changes to existing regulatory systems. This is confounded by regulations for unconventional gas development differing across the jurisdictional boundaries of three levels of government. The question of whether to develop unconventional gas resources has become highly political, influenced by a growth in activism and also by the contradictory pressures of transitioning to a low-carbon future and domestic gas shortages. A coal seam gas (CSG) industry was developed in the state of Queensland but exploration and development in other states has been stopped or delayed. In response to community concerns about the industry, and as issues relating to co-existence became apparent, there have been changes made to the regulatory and policy environments, as well as improvements in industry practice and transparency. In this viewpoint piece, we bring an industry and government perspective to the conversation about unconventional gas development by outlining industry and regulatory responses to development of the unconventional gas industry in Australia, largely over the past decade. We conclude that despite many and significant regulatory and industry responses, public acceptance of the industry remains low.
In Australia, a series of independent inquiries into onshore unconventional gas have all concluded that the technical risks can be managed, albeit pending changes to existing regulatory systems. This is confounded by regulations for unconventional gas development differing across the jurisdictional boundaries of three levels of government. The question of whether to develop unconventional gas resources has become highly political, influenced by a growth in activism and also by the contradictory pressures of transitioning to a low-carbon future and domestic gas shortages. A coal seam gas (CSG) industry was developed in the state of Queensland but exploration and development in other states has been stopped or delayed. In response to community concerns about the industry, and as issues relating to co-existence became apparent, there have been changes made to the regulatory and policy environments, as well as improvements in industry practice and transparency. In this viewpoint piece, we bring an industry and government perspective to the conversation about unconventional gas development by outlining industry and regulatory responses to development of the unconventional gas industry in Australia, largely over the past decade. We conclude that despite many and significant regulatory and industry responses, public acceptance of the industry remains low.
The water-energy-food nexus of unconventional oil and gas extraction in the Vaca Muerta Play, Argentina
Lorenzo Rosa and Paolo D’Odorico, October 2018
The water-energy-food nexus of unconventional oil and gas extraction in the Vaca Muerta Play, Argentina
Lorenzo Rosa and Paolo D’Odorico (2018). Journal of Cleaner Production, . 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.039
Abstract:
Vaca Muerta is the major region in South America where horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques are used to extract unconventional shale oil and gas. Despite the growing interest in the Vaca Muerta resources, there is only a limited understanding of the impacts that their extraction could have on local water resources. This study uses a water balance model to investigate the hydrological implication of unconventional oil and gas extraction in this region. We find that, with current rates of extraction, water scarcity is observed for four months a year. We also find that water consumption per fractured well increased 2.5 times in the period 2012-2016 and produced water from unconventional shale formation sharply increased from roughly zero to 1.15×106 m3 y-1 in the 2009-2017 period. Our projections estimate that in this region future water consumption for unconventional oil and gas extraction will increase 2.2 times in the 2017-2024 period reaching 7.40×106 m3 y-1. The consequent exhacerbation of current water scarcity will likely lead to competition with irrigated agriculture, the greatest water consumer in this semiard region. Produced water recycling, domestic wastewater reuse, brackish groundwater use, and waterless unconventional oil and gas extraction technologies are some of the strategies that could be adopted to meet future additional water demand. Our results estimate the likely range of water consumption and production from hydraulic fracturing operations in the Vaca Muerta region under current and future conditions. These results could be used to make informed decisions for the sustainable water management in this semiarid region of Argentina.
Vaca Muerta is the major region in South America where horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques are used to extract unconventional shale oil and gas. Despite the growing interest in the Vaca Muerta resources, there is only a limited understanding of the impacts that their extraction could have on local water resources. This study uses a water balance model to investigate the hydrological implication of unconventional oil and gas extraction in this region. We find that, with current rates of extraction, water scarcity is observed for four months a year. We also find that water consumption per fractured well increased 2.5 times in the period 2012-2016 and produced water from unconventional shale formation sharply increased from roughly zero to 1.15×106 m3 y-1 in the 2009-2017 period. Our projections estimate that in this region future water consumption for unconventional oil and gas extraction will increase 2.2 times in the 2017-2024 period reaching 7.40×106 m3 y-1. The consequent exhacerbation of current water scarcity will likely lead to competition with irrigated agriculture, the greatest water consumer in this semiard region. Produced water recycling, domestic wastewater reuse, brackish groundwater use, and waterless unconventional oil and gas extraction technologies are some of the strategies that could be adopted to meet future additional water demand. Our results estimate the likely range of water consumption and production from hydraulic fracturing operations in the Vaca Muerta region under current and future conditions. These results could be used to make informed decisions for the sustainable water management in this semiarid region of Argentina.
Faults and associated karst collapse suggest conduits for fluid flow that influence hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity
Galloway et al., October 2018
Faults and associated karst collapse suggest conduits for fluid flow that influence hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity
Elwyn Galloway, Tyler Hauck, Hilary Corlett, Dinu Pană, Ryan Schultz (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201807549. 10.1073/pnas.1807549115
Abstract:
During December 2011, a swarm of moderate-magnitude earthquakes was induced by hydraulic fracturing (HF) near Cardston, Alberta. Despite seismological associations linking these two processes, the hydrological and tectonic mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we interpret a 3D reflection-seismic survey to delve into the geological factors related to these earthquakes. First, we document a basement-rooted fault on which the earthquake rupture occurred that extends above the targeted reservoir. Second, at the reservoir’s stratigraphic level, anomalous subcircular features are recognized along the fault and are interpreted as resulting from fault-associated karst processes. These observations have implications for HF-induced seismicity, as they suggest hydraulic communication over a large (vertical) distance, reconciling the discrepancy between the culprit well trajectory and earthquake hypocenters. We speculate on how these newly identified geological factors could drive the sporadic appearance of induced seismicity and thus be utilized to avoid earthquake hazards.
During December 2011, a swarm of moderate-magnitude earthquakes was induced by hydraulic fracturing (HF) near Cardston, Alberta. Despite seismological associations linking these two processes, the hydrological and tectonic mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we interpret a 3D reflection-seismic survey to delve into the geological factors related to these earthquakes. First, we document a basement-rooted fault on which the earthquake rupture occurred that extends above the targeted reservoir. Second, at the reservoir’s stratigraphic level, anomalous subcircular features are recognized along the fault and are interpreted as resulting from fault-associated karst processes. These observations have implications for HF-induced seismicity, as they suggest hydraulic communication over a large (vertical) distance, reconciling the discrepancy between the culprit well trajectory and earthquake hypocenters. We speculate on how these newly identified geological factors could drive the sporadic appearance of induced seismicity and thus be utilized to avoid earthquake hazards.
Environmental and individual PAH exposures near rural natural gas extraction
Paulik et al., October 2018
Environmental and individual PAH exposures near rural natural gas extraction
L. Blair Paulik, Kevin A. Hobbie, Diana Rohlman, Brian W. Smith, Richard P. Scott, Laurel Kincl, Erin N. Haynes, Kim A. Anderson (2018). Environmental Pollution, 397-405. 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.010
Abstract:
Natural gas extraction (NGE) has expanded rapidly in the United States in recent years. Despite concerns, there is little information about the effects of NGE on air quality or personal exposures of people living or working nearby. Recent research suggests NGE emits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into air. This study used low-density polyethylene passive samplers to measure concentrations of PAHs in air near active (n = 3) and proposed (n = 2) NGE sites. At each site, two concentric rings of air samplers were placed around the active or proposed well pad location. Silicone wristbands were used to assess personal PAH exposures of participants (n = 19) living or working near the sampling sites. All samples were analyzed for 62 PAHs using GC-MS/MS, and point sources were estimated using the fluoranthene/pyrene isomer ratio. ∑PAH was significantly higher in air at active NGE sites (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p < 0.01). PAHs in air were also more petrogenic (petroleum-derived) at active NGE sites. This suggests that PAH mixtures at active NGE sites may have been affected by direct emissions from petroleum sources at these sites. ∑PAH was also significantly higher in wristbands from participants who had active NGE wells on their properties than from participants who did not (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p < 0.005). There was a significant positive correlation between ∑PAH in participants' wristbands and ∑PAH in air measured closest to participants’ homes or workplaces (simple linear regression, p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that living or working near an active NGE well may increase personal PAH exposure. This work also supports the utility of the silicone wristband to assess personal PAH exposure.
Natural gas extraction (NGE) has expanded rapidly in the United States in recent years. Despite concerns, there is little information about the effects of NGE on air quality or personal exposures of people living or working nearby. Recent research suggests NGE emits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into air. This study used low-density polyethylene passive samplers to measure concentrations of PAHs in air near active (n = 3) and proposed (n = 2) NGE sites. At each site, two concentric rings of air samplers were placed around the active or proposed well pad location. Silicone wristbands were used to assess personal PAH exposures of participants (n = 19) living or working near the sampling sites. All samples were analyzed for 62 PAHs using GC-MS/MS, and point sources were estimated using the fluoranthene/pyrene isomer ratio. ∑PAH was significantly higher in air at active NGE sites (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p < 0.01). PAHs in air were also more petrogenic (petroleum-derived) at active NGE sites. This suggests that PAH mixtures at active NGE sites may have been affected by direct emissions from petroleum sources at these sites. ∑PAH was also significantly higher in wristbands from participants who had active NGE wells on their properties than from participants who did not (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p < 0.005). There was a significant positive correlation between ∑PAH in participants' wristbands and ∑PAH in air measured closest to participants’ homes or workplaces (simple linear regression, p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that living or working near an active NGE well may increase personal PAH exposure. This work also supports the utility of the silicone wristband to assess personal PAH exposure.
iDST: An integrated decision support tool for treatment and beneficial use of non-traditional water supplies – Part II. Marcellus and Barnett Shale case studies
Ma et al., October 2018
iDST: An integrated decision support tool for treatment and beneficial use of non-traditional water supplies – Part II. Marcellus and Barnett Shale case studies
Guanyu Ma, Mengistu Geza, Tzahi Y. Cath, Jörg E. Drewes, Pei Xu (2018). Journal of Water Process Engineering, 258-268. 10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.08.007
Abstract:
Development of unconventional gas resources is currently one of the most rapidly growing trends in the oil and natural gas industry. Exploration of shale gas requires significant quantities of water for hydraulic fracturing. Meanwhile, large volumes of produced water are generated during gas production. Treatment and beneficial use of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water provides opportunities for sustainable unconventional gas operations while minimizing impacts to environment, local water resources, and public health. Considering the broad variety of treatment technologies and the wide spectrum of flowback and produced water qualities, selecting appropriate treatment and management options involves a complex decision-making process that requires understanding of treatment technologies, water quality, reuse requirements, and consideration of multiple criteria, constraints, and objectives. This study presents an integrated decision support tool (iDST) to assist in selection of treatment technologies and evaluation of the feasibility of potential water reuse options. The Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and the Barnett Shale in Texas were selected as case studies to demonstrate produced water treatment technologies and beneficial reuse options considering realistic site-specific conditions, assumptions, and future projections such as well numbers and locations, water demands, flowback and produced water quality and quantity, disposal availability, and costs. The iDST provides an interactive user interface to select suitable technologies for produced water treatment and reuse based on user preference, target water quality, and current disposal options.
Development of unconventional gas resources is currently one of the most rapidly growing trends in the oil and natural gas industry. Exploration of shale gas requires significant quantities of water for hydraulic fracturing. Meanwhile, large volumes of produced water are generated during gas production. Treatment and beneficial use of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water provides opportunities for sustainable unconventional gas operations while minimizing impacts to environment, local water resources, and public health. Considering the broad variety of treatment technologies and the wide spectrum of flowback and produced water qualities, selecting appropriate treatment and management options involves a complex decision-making process that requires understanding of treatment technologies, water quality, reuse requirements, and consideration of multiple criteria, constraints, and objectives. This study presents an integrated decision support tool (iDST) to assist in selection of treatment technologies and evaluation of the feasibility of potential water reuse options. The Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and the Barnett Shale in Texas were selected as case studies to demonstrate produced water treatment technologies and beneficial reuse options considering realistic site-specific conditions, assumptions, and future projections such as well numbers and locations, water demands, flowback and produced water quality and quantity, disposal availability, and costs. The iDST provides an interactive user interface to select suitable technologies for produced water treatment and reuse based on user preference, target water quality, and current disposal options.
Oklahoma earthquakes and the price of oil
Travis Roach, October 2018
Oklahoma earthquakes and the price of oil
Travis Roach (2018). Energy Policy, 365-373. 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.040
Abstract:
The process of hydraulic fracturing has unlocked an unprecedented amount of oil and gas in the United States. Hydrocarbons are not the only output from this process, though, as billions of barrels of “produced” water are extracted and subsequently pumped back underground. This process of injecting produced water into disposal wells has been causally linked to the rise in earthquakes. Here I show how the amount of earthquakes in Oklahoma are positively linked to the price of oil, and further find that the decrease in earthquake activity in Oklahoma is due to both the drop in oil prices and the regulatory directives of regional authorities. The estimated impact of the various shut-in policies have been small compared to the reduction in earthquakes due to the broad price decline, though. I find that the drop in oil prices that began in mid-2014 led to as large of a reduction in earthquakes as the combined effect f new policies that started in March of 2015.
The process of hydraulic fracturing has unlocked an unprecedented amount of oil and gas in the United States. Hydrocarbons are not the only output from this process, though, as billions of barrels of “produced” water are extracted and subsequently pumped back underground. This process of injecting produced water into disposal wells has been causally linked to the rise in earthquakes. Here I show how the amount of earthquakes in Oklahoma are positively linked to the price of oil, and further find that the decrease in earthquake activity in Oklahoma is due to both the drop in oil prices and the regulatory directives of regional authorities. The estimated impact of the various shut-in policies have been small compared to the reduction in earthquakes due to the broad price decline, though. I find that the drop in oil prices that began in mid-2014 led to as large of a reduction in earthquakes as the combined effect f new policies that started in March of 2015.
Water resource selection and optimisation for shale gas developments in Australia: A combinatorial approach
Cruz et al., October 2018
Water resource selection and optimisation for shale gas developments in Australia: A combinatorial approach
Cesar Gonzalez Cruz, Mohsen Naderpour, Fahimeh Ramezani (2018). Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1-11. 10.1016/j.cie.2018.07.015
Abstract:
Australia has significant quantities of technically recoverable shale gas and the potential to become a major producer of natural gas from these unconventional resources. However, the hydrocarbon extraction process from shale formations involves heavy drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Both these activities consume a considerable volume of water, which impacts local communities and the environment. This paper proposes a combinatorial methodology that incorporates multi-criteria decision-making and system dynamics to select the best water resources, and then investigate the regional impact of consuming those resources over the long-term. The methodology is described through a case study on the Beetaloo Basin, Northern Territory – a prospective shale gas resources deposit. The results show that the produced water and fresh groundwater are appropriate options for the basin, and appropriate scenarios can prevent the over-extraction of fresh groundwater, maximise the reuse of water, and minimise aquifer disturbance. The proposed methodology is designed to support petroleum companies when making decisions about which water resources to use in shale mining operations to balance various factors affecting the system.
Australia has significant quantities of technically recoverable shale gas and the potential to become a major producer of natural gas from these unconventional resources. However, the hydrocarbon extraction process from shale formations involves heavy drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Both these activities consume a considerable volume of water, which impacts local communities and the environment. This paper proposes a combinatorial methodology that incorporates multi-criteria decision-making and system dynamics to select the best water resources, and then investigate the regional impact of consuming those resources over the long-term. The methodology is described through a case study on the Beetaloo Basin, Northern Territory – a prospective shale gas resources deposit. The results show that the produced water and fresh groundwater are appropriate options for the basin, and appropriate scenarios can prevent the over-extraction of fresh groundwater, maximise the reuse of water, and minimise aquifer disturbance. The proposed methodology is designed to support petroleum companies when making decisions about which water resources to use in shale mining operations to balance various factors affecting the system.
Why does industry structure matter for unconventional oil and gas development? Examining revenue sharing outcomes in North Dakota
Litzow et al., October 2018
Why does industry structure matter for unconventional oil and gas development? Examining revenue sharing outcomes in North Dakota
Erin Litzow, Kate J. Neville, Brianna Johnson-King, Erika Weinthal (2018). Energy Research & Social Science, 371-384. 10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.006
Abstract:
Scholars have identified many determinants of regulatory outcomes in unconventional oil and gas development, but few have focused on industry structure. We examine the effects of company size and ownership on revenue sharing outcomes in North Dakota (ND), drawing on political economy bargaining models. We examine firm-level characteristics of ND’s oil producers from 2005 to 2015, matching these data against revenue sharing outcomes and estimating effects using graphical and statistical methods. Along with this core analysis, we conduct key informant interviews with four elite actors in the unconventional oil and gas sector in ND, to provide supplementary details on industry structure and voluntary contributions to local communities. Our findings suggest that when industry is dominated by larger, publicly-traded firms, there is more revenue sharing between firms and the state government. However, we find anecdotal evidence that smaller, local firms may better target resources towards local needs. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the varied outcomes at the sub-national and sub-state level and expands the “resource curse” literature that suggests that industry characteristics shape local outcomes.
Scholars have identified many determinants of regulatory outcomes in unconventional oil and gas development, but few have focused on industry structure. We examine the effects of company size and ownership on revenue sharing outcomes in North Dakota (ND), drawing on political economy bargaining models. We examine firm-level characteristics of ND’s oil producers from 2005 to 2015, matching these data against revenue sharing outcomes and estimating effects using graphical and statistical methods. Along with this core analysis, we conduct key informant interviews with four elite actors in the unconventional oil and gas sector in ND, to provide supplementary details on industry structure and voluntary contributions to local communities. Our findings suggest that when industry is dominated by larger, publicly-traded firms, there is more revenue sharing between firms and the state government. However, we find anecdotal evidence that smaller, local firms may better target resources towards local needs. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the varied outcomes at the sub-national and sub-state level and expands the “resource curse” literature that suggests that industry characteristics shape local outcomes.
Framing the future of fracking: Discursive lock-in or energy degrowth in the Netherlands?
Tamara Metze, October 2018
Framing the future of fracking: Discursive lock-in or energy degrowth in the Netherlands?
Tamara Metze (2018). Journal of Cleaner Production, 1737-1745. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.158
Abstract:
Hydraulic fracturing is a technology developed to improve and increase the production of natural gas. In many countries, including the Netherlands, it has caused environmental controversies. In these controversies, 'futurity framing' may open up debates for alternative paradigms such as 'degrowth,' which is the pursuing of collective and deliberative, downscaled production of (natural) resources and less consumption for convivial living. Based on a frame analysis, it is demonstrated that opponents and proponents of fracking have envisaged pessimistic energy futures either to promote or devaluate fracking technology. In addition, the results show that dominant technological enthusiasm has enabled the introduction of 'degrowth technology,' which are downscaled, decentralized and renewable energy technologies. Degrowth-technology framing may provide a means of access for more radical degrowth thinking in the energy debates. This empirical finding also indicates that the degrowth paradigm could include controversies as entry points for creating support for degrowth thinking. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hydraulic fracturing is a technology developed to improve and increase the production of natural gas. In many countries, including the Netherlands, it has caused environmental controversies. In these controversies, 'futurity framing' may open up debates for alternative paradigms such as 'degrowth,' which is the pursuing of collective and deliberative, downscaled production of (natural) resources and less consumption for convivial living. Based on a frame analysis, it is demonstrated that opponents and proponents of fracking have envisaged pessimistic energy futures either to promote or devaluate fracking technology. In addition, the results show that dominant technological enthusiasm has enabled the introduction of 'degrowth technology,' which are downscaled, decentralized and renewable energy technologies. Degrowth-technology framing may provide a means of access for more radical degrowth thinking in the energy debates. This empirical finding also indicates that the degrowth paradigm could include controversies as entry points for creating support for degrowth thinking. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Unconventional natural gas development and pediatric asthma hospitalizations in Pennsylvania
Willis et al., October 2018
Unconventional natural gas development and pediatric asthma hospitalizations in Pennsylvania
Mary D. Willis, Todd A. Jusko, Jill S. Halterman, Elaine L. Hill (2018). Environmental Research, 402-408. 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.022
Abstract:
Background Pediatric asthma is a common chronic condition that can be exacerbated by environmental exposures, and unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) has been associated with decreased community air quality. This study aims to quantify the association between UNGD and pediatric asthma hospitalizations. Methods We compare pediatric asthma hospitalizations among zip codes with and without exposure to UNGD between 2003 and 2014 using a difference-in-differences panel analysis. Our UNGD exposure metrics include cumulative and contemporaneous drilling as well as reported air emissions by site. Results We observed consistently elevated odds of hospitalizations in the top tertile of pediatric patients exposed to unconventional drilling compared with their unexposed peers. During the same quarter a well was drilled, we find a 25% increase (95% CI: 1.07, 1.47) in the odds of being hospitalized for asthma. Ever-establishment of an UNGD well within a zip code was associated with a 1.19 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.36) increased odds of a pediatric asthma hospitalization. Our results further demonstrate that increasing specific air emissions from UNGD sites are associated with increased risks of pediatric asthma hospitalizations (e.g. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, formaldehyde, x-hexane). These results hold across multiple age groups and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Community-level UNGD exposure metrics were associated with increased odds of pediatric asthma-related hospitalization among young children and adolescents. This study provides evidence that additional regulations may be necessary to protect children's respiratory health from UNGD activities.
Background Pediatric asthma is a common chronic condition that can be exacerbated by environmental exposures, and unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) has been associated with decreased community air quality. This study aims to quantify the association between UNGD and pediatric asthma hospitalizations. Methods We compare pediatric asthma hospitalizations among zip codes with and without exposure to UNGD between 2003 and 2014 using a difference-in-differences panel analysis. Our UNGD exposure metrics include cumulative and contemporaneous drilling as well as reported air emissions by site. Results We observed consistently elevated odds of hospitalizations in the top tertile of pediatric patients exposed to unconventional drilling compared with their unexposed peers. During the same quarter a well was drilled, we find a 25% increase (95% CI: 1.07, 1.47) in the odds of being hospitalized for asthma. Ever-establishment of an UNGD well within a zip code was associated with a 1.19 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.36) increased odds of a pediatric asthma hospitalization. Our results further demonstrate that increasing specific air emissions from UNGD sites are associated with increased risks of pediatric asthma hospitalizations (e.g. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, formaldehyde, x-hexane). These results hold across multiple age groups and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Community-level UNGD exposure metrics were associated with increased odds of pediatric asthma-related hospitalization among young children and adolescents. This study provides evidence that additional regulations may be necessary to protect children's respiratory health from UNGD activities.
The economic, social and environmental impact of shale gas exploitation in Romania: A cost-benefit analysis
Grecu et al., October 2018
The economic, social and environmental impact of shale gas exploitation in Romania: A cost-benefit analysis
Eugenia Grecu, Mirela Ionela Aceleanu, Claudiu Tiberiu Albulescu (2018). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 691-700. 10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.026
Abstract:
Romania has recently begun the exploration of shale gas reserves and, it is expected that these unconventional resources to be exploited by hydraulic fracturing. The use of this technology is controversial in high-populated areas, where the economic, social and especially the environmental impact is practically unknown. However, for the public opinion, the shale gas exploitation is presented as an operation triggering no major risks. Therefore, several agreements were concluded between the Romanian authorities and the major players in the exploitation field. Against this background, our paper shows that the shale gas exploitation has no real benefits for the Romanian citizens. More precisely, we conduct an exhaustive cost-benefit analysis, considering the economic, social and environmental consequences of the shale gas exploitation, and we show that in the long run, the costs considerably overlap the benefits. The use of hydraulic fracturing procedure, which implies huge costs with the water consumption and wastewater treatment, influences the outcome of our investigation. These findings are sustained by the sensitivity analysis we have performed.
Romania has recently begun the exploration of shale gas reserves and, it is expected that these unconventional resources to be exploited by hydraulic fracturing. The use of this technology is controversial in high-populated areas, where the economic, social and especially the environmental impact is practically unknown. However, for the public opinion, the shale gas exploitation is presented as an operation triggering no major risks. Therefore, several agreements were concluded between the Romanian authorities and the major players in the exploitation field. Against this background, our paper shows that the shale gas exploitation has no real benefits for the Romanian citizens. More precisely, we conduct an exhaustive cost-benefit analysis, considering the economic, social and environmental consequences of the shale gas exploitation, and we show that in the long run, the costs considerably overlap the benefits. The use of hydraulic fracturing procedure, which implies huge costs with the water consumption and wastewater treatment, influences the outcome of our investigation. These findings are sustained by the sensitivity analysis we have performed.
Keep it local? Preferences for federal, state, or local unconventional oil and gas regulations
Adam Mayer and Stephanie Malin, October 2018
Keep it local? Preferences for federal, state, or local unconventional oil and gas regulations
Adam Mayer and Stephanie Malin (2018). Energy Research & Social Science, 336-345. 10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.028
Abstract:
In the U.S., governance for oil and gas development has been increasingly devolved from centralized, relatively powerful governments to lower levels of government. At the same time, state governments increasingly preempt local authority, resulting in significant state-local contestation over oil and gas governance. The purpose of this analysis is to understand what level of government (i.e. local, state or federal) Colorado residents believe should regulate the oil and gas industry (referred to as governance scale preferences) in this era of neoliberalism, devolution, and state preemption. Colorado has been an epicenter of unconventional oil and gas production for years and is one of the most heavily-drilled states in the U.S. The state also lauds itself as being at the forefront of state-level regulation of the industry, key to our concerns here Descriptive results indicated that few support federal exemptions while many respondents endorse local regulation. Further, few variables have consistent results in the binary logistic regression models. Broadly, our analysis suggests that the public seems to endorse a complex, multi-layered system of governance for oil and gas development, suggesting that current efforts to concentrate regulatory power in state governments is at odds with public preferences.
In the U.S., governance for oil and gas development has been increasingly devolved from centralized, relatively powerful governments to lower levels of government. At the same time, state governments increasingly preempt local authority, resulting in significant state-local contestation over oil and gas governance. The purpose of this analysis is to understand what level of government (i.e. local, state or federal) Colorado residents believe should regulate the oil and gas industry (referred to as governance scale preferences) in this era of neoliberalism, devolution, and state preemption. Colorado has been an epicenter of unconventional oil and gas production for years and is one of the most heavily-drilled states in the U.S. The state also lauds itself as being at the forefront of state-level regulation of the industry, key to our concerns here Descriptive results indicated that few support federal exemptions while many respondents endorse local regulation. Further, few variables have consistent results in the binary logistic regression models. Broadly, our analysis suggests that the public seems to endorse a complex, multi-layered system of governance for oil and gas development, suggesting that current efforts to concentrate regulatory power in state governments is at odds with public preferences.
Fracking Vaca Muerta: Socioeconomic Implications of Shale Gas Extraction in Northern Patagonia, Argentina
Elvin Delgado, October 2018
Fracking Vaca Muerta: Socioeconomic Implications of Shale Gas Extraction in Northern Patagonia, Argentina
Elvin Delgado (2018). Journal of Latin American Geography, 102-131. 10.1353/lag.2018.0043
Abstract:
This article explores struggles over shale fuel development in the Vaca Muerta formation in the Province of Neuquen in northern Patagonia, Argentina. In particular, this article provides a socio-geographical analysis to elucidate the legal framework used to control underground deposits and critically explore the socioeconomic implications of fracking activities in the community of Anelo, where the infrastructure to support fracking activities is being developed. By analyzing the relationships between national strategies to recover hydrocarbon sovereignty to achieve energy self-sufficiency, provincial government attempts to develop shale deposits to increase the revenue generated from their rent, and everyday lives of citizens in Anelo, this study aims to illuminate the myriad complexities inherent to issues of access to and control over unconventional deposits, the commodification of shale deposits, and the impacts associated with their extraction in a changing energy landscape. The article argues that the socioeconomic impacts experienced in Anelo are not only the direct consequence of the boomtown scenario resulting from the exploitation of Vaca Muerta, but this process is in part the end-result of a national strategy spearheaded by the government to secure the accumulation of capital through shale fuels rent as part of a broader agenda to achieve energy sovereignty. It further contends that changes in Anelo are the direct result of neo-extractivism, where the primary agents responsible for the boom-town scenario in the community are the state-owned YPF, in joint venture with international oil and gas companies.
This article explores struggles over shale fuel development in the Vaca Muerta formation in the Province of Neuquen in northern Patagonia, Argentina. In particular, this article provides a socio-geographical analysis to elucidate the legal framework used to control underground deposits and critically explore the socioeconomic implications of fracking activities in the community of Anelo, where the infrastructure to support fracking activities is being developed. By analyzing the relationships between national strategies to recover hydrocarbon sovereignty to achieve energy self-sufficiency, provincial government attempts to develop shale deposits to increase the revenue generated from their rent, and everyday lives of citizens in Anelo, this study aims to illuminate the myriad complexities inherent to issues of access to and control over unconventional deposits, the commodification of shale deposits, and the impacts associated with their extraction in a changing energy landscape. The article argues that the socioeconomic impacts experienced in Anelo are not only the direct consequence of the boomtown scenario resulting from the exploitation of Vaca Muerta, but this process is in part the end-result of a national strategy spearheaded by the government to secure the accumulation of capital through shale fuels rent as part of a broader agenda to achieve energy sovereignty. It further contends that changes in Anelo are the direct result of neo-extractivism, where the primary agents responsible for the boom-town scenario in the community are the state-owned YPF, in joint venture with international oil and gas companies.
Rapid desorption of radium isotopes from black shale during hydraulic fracturing. 1. Source phases that control the release of Ra from Marcellus Shale
Landis et al., September 2018
Rapid desorption of radium isotopes from black shale during hydraulic fracturing. 1. Source phases that control the release of Ra from Marcellus Shale
Joshua D. Landis, Mukul Sharma, Devon Renock, Danielle Niu (2018). Chemical Geology, 1-13. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.013
Abstract:
Hydraulic fracturing of the Marcellus Shale produces wastewaters that are hypersaline and highly enriched in isotopes of radium. Radium is understood to derive from the Marcellus Shale itself, but its source phases and their contributions to wastewater production have not been described. Using sequential extractions and experimental leachates, we characterize two distinct end-members that could contribute Ra to wastewaters, (1) a mineral phase, which hosts labile228Ra and has 226Ra/228Ra atom ratios ~250, and (2) an organic phase, which hosts exchangeable226Ra and has 226Ra/228Ra ~10,000. In leaching experiments we observed rapid extraction of Ra from these phases, with high ionic strength solutions leaching up to 14% of Ra from the shale in just hours. Radium concentrations and 226Ra/228Ra ratios increase with [Ca2+] of the leaching solution, and solutions approaching 1 M Ca2+ produce 226Ra/228Ra ratios compatible with Marcellus wastewaters. In contrast, pure water removes <0.5% of Ra from the shale with low 226Ra/228Ra ratios incompatible with wastewaters. Experimental results and wastewater data together provide a coherent picture, that the distinctive Ra isotopic signature of Marcellus wastewaters results from contemporaneous water-rock interactions that promote desorption of 226Ra from organics during hydraulic fracturing.
Hydraulic fracturing of the Marcellus Shale produces wastewaters that are hypersaline and highly enriched in isotopes of radium. Radium is understood to derive from the Marcellus Shale itself, but its source phases and their contributions to wastewater production have not been described. Using sequential extractions and experimental leachates, we characterize two distinct end-members that could contribute Ra to wastewaters, (1) a mineral phase, which hosts labile228Ra and has 226Ra/228Ra atom ratios ~250, and (2) an organic phase, which hosts exchangeable226Ra and has 226Ra/228Ra ~10,000. In leaching experiments we observed rapid extraction of Ra from these phases, with high ionic strength solutions leaching up to 14% of Ra from the shale in just hours. Radium concentrations and 226Ra/228Ra ratios increase with [Ca2+] of the leaching solution, and solutions approaching 1 M Ca2+ produce 226Ra/228Ra ratios compatible with Marcellus wastewaters. In contrast, pure water removes <0.5% of Ra from the shale with low 226Ra/228Ra ratios incompatible with wastewaters. Experimental results and wastewater data together provide a coherent picture, that the distinctive Ra isotopic signature of Marcellus wastewaters results from contemporaneous water-rock interactions that promote desorption of 226Ra from organics during hydraulic fracturing.
Review of shale gas social science in the United Kingdom, 2013–2018
Darrick Evensen, September 2018
Review of shale gas social science in the United Kingdom, 2013–2018
Darrick Evensen (2018). The Extractive Industries and Society, . 10.1016/j.exis.2018.09.005
Abstract:
This article critically reviews social science research on unconventional hydrocarbon development in the United Kingdom. I analyse fifty research articles published over the last half decade. The articles fit into three primary categories: (1) public perceptions, (2) discourse and rhetoric, and (3) planning and regulation. This review reveals both what social scientific inquiry has taught us and what gaps remain. We have reasonable understanding of: extent of public support for and opposition to development, basic factors related to support and opposition, procedural and distributive justice concerns leading to opposition, repeated academic critiques of UK planning guidance and regulation, and the frequent use of environmental risks and economic benefits as competing discursive frames. We lack understanding of: how discourse and rhetoric about shale gas, or how knowledge about development, influence public perceptions; how perceptions and discourse at local and regional levels in the UK compare with the national level; what information sources the public rely on and trust on this topic; whether estimates of economic benefits are reliable; and importantly, how perceptions, discourse, and policy will evolve in light of imminent changes to the production and policy landscape. I conclude with recommendations for filling the emergent lacunae in our understanding.
This article critically reviews social science research on unconventional hydrocarbon development in the United Kingdom. I analyse fifty research articles published over the last half decade. The articles fit into three primary categories: (1) public perceptions, (2) discourse and rhetoric, and (3) planning and regulation. This review reveals both what social scientific inquiry has taught us and what gaps remain. We have reasonable understanding of: extent of public support for and opposition to development, basic factors related to support and opposition, procedural and distributive justice concerns leading to opposition, repeated academic critiques of UK planning guidance and regulation, and the frequent use of environmental risks and economic benefits as competing discursive frames. We lack understanding of: how discourse and rhetoric about shale gas, or how knowledge about development, influence public perceptions; how perceptions and discourse at local and regional levels in the UK compare with the national level; what information sources the public rely on and trust on this topic; whether estimates of economic benefits are reliable; and importantly, how perceptions, discourse, and policy will evolve in light of imminent changes to the production and policy landscape. I conclude with recommendations for filling the emergent lacunae in our understanding.
Plant-microbial synergism: An effective approach for the remediation of shale-gas fracturing flowback and produced water
He et al., September 2018
Plant-microbial synergism: An effective approach for the remediation of shale-gas fracturing flowback and produced water
Mei He, Wen-Jie Chen, Lei Tian, Bo Shao, Yan Lin (2018). Journal of Hazardous Materials, . 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.058
Abstract:
Effective and affordable treatment of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (FPW) is a major challenge for the sustainability of unconventional shale-gas exploration and development. We investigated the effectiveness of different combinations of activated sludge (AS), three microbial preparations, and ten plants (ryegrass, water dropwort, typha, reed, iris, canna, water caltrop, rape, water spinach, and Alternanthera philoxeroides) on the treatment performance of FPW. Water quality parameters (NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, CODcr, and BOD) and the algal toxicity of the treated FPW were used as metrics to assess the treatment efficiency. The results showed that AS had higher treatment efficiency than the prepared microorganisms, and water dropwort was the best plant candidate for boosting performance of AS treatment of FPW. The treated FPW showed improved water quality and microbial diversity. The Shannon-Wiener index increased from 4.76 to 7.98 with FPW treatment. The relative abundance of microbes with a greater resistance to high salt conditions, such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, increased substantially in the treated FPW. The combination of water dropwort and AS showed the greatest improvement in water quality, the highest algal density and microbial diversity, thus indicating good potential for this candidate in the treatment of FPW.
Effective and affordable treatment of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (FPW) is a major challenge for the sustainability of unconventional shale-gas exploration and development. We investigated the effectiveness of different combinations of activated sludge (AS), three microbial preparations, and ten plants (ryegrass, water dropwort, typha, reed, iris, canna, water caltrop, rape, water spinach, and Alternanthera philoxeroides) on the treatment performance of FPW. Water quality parameters (NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, CODcr, and BOD) and the algal toxicity of the treated FPW were used as metrics to assess the treatment efficiency. The results showed that AS had higher treatment efficiency than the prepared microorganisms, and water dropwort was the best plant candidate for boosting performance of AS treatment of FPW. The treated FPW showed improved water quality and microbial diversity. The Shannon-Wiener index increased from 4.76 to 7.98 with FPW treatment. The relative abundance of microbes with a greater resistance to high salt conditions, such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, increased substantially in the treated FPW. The combination of water dropwort and AS showed the greatest improvement in water quality, the highest algal density and microbial diversity, thus indicating good potential for this candidate in the treatment of FPW.
Methane emissions from natural gas production sites in the United States: Data synthesis and national estimate
Omara et al., September 2018
Methane emissions from natural gas production sites in the United States: Data synthesis and national estimate
Mark Omara, Naomi Zimmerman, Melissa R. Sullivan, Xiang Li, Aja Ellis, Rebecca Cesa, R Subramanian, Albert A Presto, Allen L. Robinson (2018). Environmental Science & Technology, . 10.1021/acs.est.8b03535
Abstract:
We used site-level methane (CH4) emissions data from over 1,000 natural gas (NG) production sites in eight basins, including 92 new site-level CH4 measurements in the Uinta, northeastern Marcellus, and Denver-Julesburg basins, to investigate CH4 emissions characteristics and develop a new national CH4 emission estimate for the NG production sector. The distribution of site-level emissions is highly skewed, with the top 5% of sites accounting for 50% of cumulative emissions. High emitting sites are predominantly also high producing (>10 Mcfd). However, low NG production sites emit a comparably larger fraction of their CH4 production. When combined with activity data, we predict that this creates substantial variability in the basin-level CH4 emissions which, as a fraction of basin-level CH4 production, range from 0.90% for the Appalachian and Greater Green River to > 4.5% in the San Juan and San Joaquin. This suggests that much of the basin-level differences in production-normalized emissions reported by aircraft studies can be explained by differences in site size and distribution of site-level production rates. We estimate that NG production sites emit total CH4 emissions of 830 Mg/h (95% CI: 530—1,200), 63% of which come from the sites producing <100 Mcfd that account for only 10% of total NG production. Our total CH4 emissions estimate is 2.3 times higher than the U.S. EPA’s estimate and likely attributable to the disproportionate influence of high emitting sites.
We used site-level methane (CH4) emissions data from over 1,000 natural gas (NG) production sites in eight basins, including 92 new site-level CH4 measurements in the Uinta, northeastern Marcellus, and Denver-Julesburg basins, to investigate CH4 emissions characteristics and develop a new national CH4 emission estimate for the NG production sector. The distribution of site-level emissions is highly skewed, with the top 5% of sites accounting for 50% of cumulative emissions. High emitting sites are predominantly also high producing (>10 Mcfd). However, low NG production sites emit a comparably larger fraction of their CH4 production. When combined with activity data, we predict that this creates substantial variability in the basin-level CH4 emissions which, as a fraction of basin-level CH4 production, range from 0.90% for the Appalachian and Greater Green River to > 4.5% in the San Juan and San Joaquin. This suggests that much of the basin-level differences in production-normalized emissions reported by aircraft studies can be explained by differences in site size and distribution of site-level production rates. We estimate that NG production sites emit total CH4 emissions of 830 Mg/h (95% CI: 530—1,200), 63% of which come from the sites producing <100 Mcfd that account for only 10% of total NG production. Our total CH4 emissions estimate is 2.3 times higher than the U.S. EPA’s estimate and likely attributable to the disproportionate influence of high emitting sites.
Optimal design of water networks for shale gas hydraulic fracturing including economic and environmental criteria
López-Díaz et al., September 2018
Optimal design of water networks for shale gas hydraulic fracturing including economic and environmental criteria
Dulce Celeste López-Díaz, Luis Fernando Lira-Barragán, Eusiel Rubio-Castro, Fengqi You, José María Ponce-Ortega (2018). Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, . 10.1007/s10098-018-1611-6
Abstract:
This work proposes an optimization approach for designing efficient water networks for the shale gas production through the recycle and reuse of wastewater streams reducing the freshwater consumption and effluents considering economic and environmental goals. The economic objective function aims to minimize the total annual cost for the water network including the costs associated with storage, treatment and disposal (capital cost) as well as freshwater cost, treatment cost and transportation costs. The environmental objective is addressed to deal with the minimization of the environmental impact associated with the discharged concentration of total dissolved solids in the wastewater streams and the freshwater consumption through an environmental function that represents the benefit for removing pollutants using the eco-indicator 99 methodology. The methodology requires a given scheduling for the completion phases of the target wells to be properly implemented by the available hydraulic fracturing crews during a time horizon. The model formulation is configured to determine the optimal sizes for the equipment involved by the project, particularly the sizes for storage and treatment units are quantified by the optimization process. A case study is solved to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach.Graphical abstract Open image in new window
This work proposes an optimization approach for designing efficient water networks for the shale gas production through the recycle and reuse of wastewater streams reducing the freshwater consumption and effluents considering economic and environmental goals. The economic objective function aims to minimize the total annual cost for the water network including the costs associated with storage, treatment and disposal (capital cost) as well as freshwater cost, treatment cost and transportation costs. The environmental objective is addressed to deal with the minimization of the environmental impact associated with the discharged concentration of total dissolved solids in the wastewater streams and the freshwater consumption through an environmental function that represents the benefit for removing pollutants using the eco-indicator 99 methodology. The methodology requires a given scheduling for the completion phases of the target wells to be properly implemented by the available hydraulic fracturing crews during a time horizon. The model formulation is configured to determine the optimal sizes for the equipment involved by the project, particularly the sizes for storage and treatment units are quantified by the optimization process. A case study is solved to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach.Graphical abstract Open image in new window
Toward better hydraulic fracturing fluids and their application in energy production: A review of sustainable technologies and reduction of potential environmental impacts
Thomas et al., September 2018
Toward better hydraulic fracturing fluids and their application in energy production: A review of sustainable technologies and reduction of potential environmental impacts
Lashun Thomas, Hansong Tang, Dilhan M. Kalyon, Seda Aktas, J. Daniel Arthur, Jens Blotevogel, J. William Carey, Archie Filshill, Pengcheng Fu, Grace Hsuan, Thomas Hu, Daniel Soeder, Subhash Shah, Radisav Vidic, Michael H. Young (2018). Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, . 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.09.056
Abstract:
Recent advances in hydraulic fracturing, in conjunction with horizontal drilling, have enabled large-scale extraction of natural gas and oil from shale formations. Despite its advances and enormous economic benefits, opportunities remain to increase hydraulic fracturing efficiency and minimize potential environmental impacts. This review specifically examines three key themes associated with development and utilization of hydraulic fracturing fluids: 1) characteristics and behavior of fracturing fluids, 2) understanding and predicting migration and fate of fracturing fluids, 3) technologies to reduce environmental impact of fracturing fluids. The paper discusses key and new techniques and findings on rheology of hydrogel-based fluids, high fidelity simulation of propagation transport, potential environmental impacts, geosynthetics in mitigating contamination, and greener fracturing fluids. It is indicated that future development relies on advances in understanding of physical processes, modeling capabilities, and monitoring techniques.
Recent advances in hydraulic fracturing, in conjunction with horizontal drilling, have enabled large-scale extraction of natural gas and oil from shale formations. Despite its advances and enormous economic benefits, opportunities remain to increase hydraulic fracturing efficiency and minimize potential environmental impacts. This review specifically examines three key themes associated with development and utilization of hydraulic fracturing fluids: 1) characteristics and behavior of fracturing fluids, 2) understanding and predicting migration and fate of fracturing fluids, 3) technologies to reduce environmental impact of fracturing fluids. The paper discusses key and new techniques and findings on rheology of hydrogel-based fluids, high fidelity simulation of propagation transport, potential environmental impacts, geosynthetics in mitigating contamination, and greener fracturing fluids. It is indicated that future development relies on advances in understanding of physical processes, modeling capabilities, and monitoring techniques.
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater consumption of liquefied Marcellus shale gas used for international power generation
Mallapragada et al., September 2018
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater consumption of liquefied Marcellus shale gas used for international power generation
Dharik S. Mallapragada, Eric Reyes-Bastida, Frank Roberto, Erin M. McElroy, Dejan Veskovic, Ian J. Laurenzi (2018). Journal of Cleaner Production, . 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.111
Abstract:
The recent growth in U.S. natural gas reserves has led to interest in exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) to countries in Asia, Europe and Latin America. Here, we estimate the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life cycle freshwater consumption associated with exporting Marcellus shale gas as LNG for power generation in different import markets. The well-to-wire analysis relies on operations data for gas production, processing, transmission, and regasification, while also accounting for the latest measurements of fugitive CH4 emissions from U.S. natural gas activities. To estimate GHG emissions from a typical U.S. liquefaction facility, we use a bottom-up process model that can evaluate the impact of gas composition, technology choices for gas treatment and on-site power generation on overall facility GHG emissions. For LNG exports to Mumbai, India for power generation in a combined cycle power plant with 50% efficiency, the base case life cycle GHG emissions, freshwater consumption, and CH4 emissions as fraction of gross gas production are estimated to be 473 kg CO2eq/MWh (80% confidence interval: 452–503 kg CO2eq/MWh), 243 gal/MWh (80% CI: 200–300 gal/MWh) and 1.2% (80% CI: 0.81–1.79%), respectively. Among all destinations considered, typical life cycle GHG emissions range from 459 kg CO2eq/MWh to 473 kg CO2eq/MWh, with GHG emissions from liquefaction, shipping and regasification contributing 7–10% of life cycle GHG emissions.
The recent growth in U.S. natural gas reserves has led to interest in exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) to countries in Asia, Europe and Latin America. Here, we estimate the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and life cycle freshwater consumption associated with exporting Marcellus shale gas as LNG for power generation in different import markets. The well-to-wire analysis relies on operations data for gas production, processing, transmission, and regasification, while also accounting for the latest measurements of fugitive CH4 emissions from U.S. natural gas activities. To estimate GHG emissions from a typical U.S. liquefaction facility, we use a bottom-up process model that can evaluate the impact of gas composition, technology choices for gas treatment and on-site power generation on overall facility GHG emissions. For LNG exports to Mumbai, India for power generation in a combined cycle power plant with 50% efficiency, the base case life cycle GHG emissions, freshwater consumption, and CH4 emissions as fraction of gross gas production are estimated to be 473 kg CO2eq/MWh (80% confidence interval: 452–503 kg CO2eq/MWh), 243 gal/MWh (80% CI: 200–300 gal/MWh) and 1.2% (80% CI: 0.81–1.79%), respectively. Among all destinations considered, typical life cycle GHG emissions range from 459 kg CO2eq/MWh to 473 kg CO2eq/MWh, with GHG emissions from liquefaction, shipping and regasification contributing 7–10% of life cycle GHG emissions.
Canopy volume removal from oil and gas development activity in the upper Susquehanna River basin in Pennsylvania and New York (USA): An assessment using lidar data
Young et al., September 2018
Canopy volume removal from oil and gas development activity in the upper Susquehanna River basin in Pennsylvania and New York (USA): An assessment using lidar data
John Young, Kelly O. Maloney, E. Terrence Slonecker, Lesley E. Milheim, David Siripoonsup (2018). Journal of Environmental Management, 66-75. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.041
Abstract:
Oil and gas development is changing the landscape in many regions of the United States and globally. However, the nature, extent, and magnitude of landscape change and development, and precisely how this development compares to other ongoing land conversion (e.g. urban/sub-urban development, timber harvest) is not well understood. In this study, we examine land conversion from oil and gas infrastructure development in the upper Susquehanna River basin in Pennsylvania and New York, an area that has experienced much oil and gas development over the past 10 years. We quantified land conversion in terms of forest canopy geometric volume loss in contrast to previous studies that considered only areal impacts. For the first time in a study of this type, we use fine-scale lidar forest canopy geometric models to assess the volumetric change due to forest clearing from oil and gas development and contrast this land change to clear cut forest harvesting, and urban and suburban development. Results show that oil and gas infrastructure development removed a large volume of forest canopy from 2006 to 2013, and this removal spread over a large portion of the study area. Timber operations (clear cutting) on Pennsylvania State Forest lands removed a larger total volume of forest canopy during the same time period, but this canopy removal was concentrated in a smaller area. Results of our study point to the need to consider volumetric impacts of oil and gas development on ecosystems, and to place potential impacts in context with other ongoing land conversions.
Oil and gas development is changing the landscape in many regions of the United States and globally. However, the nature, extent, and magnitude of landscape change and development, and precisely how this development compares to other ongoing land conversion (e.g. urban/sub-urban development, timber harvest) is not well understood. In this study, we examine land conversion from oil and gas infrastructure development in the upper Susquehanna River basin in Pennsylvania and New York, an area that has experienced much oil and gas development over the past 10 years. We quantified land conversion in terms of forest canopy geometric volume loss in contrast to previous studies that considered only areal impacts. For the first time in a study of this type, we use fine-scale lidar forest canopy geometric models to assess the volumetric change due to forest clearing from oil and gas development and contrast this land change to clear cut forest harvesting, and urban and suburban development. Results show that oil and gas infrastructure development removed a large volume of forest canopy from 2006 to 2013, and this removal spread over a large portion of the study area. Timber operations (clear cutting) on Pennsylvania State Forest lands removed a larger total volume of forest canopy during the same time period, but this canopy removal was concentrated in a smaller area. Results of our study point to the need to consider volumetric impacts of oil and gas development on ecosystems, and to place potential impacts in context with other ongoing land conversions.
Membrane Fouling and Reusability in Membrane Distillation of Shale Oil and Gas Produced Water: Effects of Membrane Surface Wettability
Du et al., September 2018
Membrane Fouling and Reusability in Membrane Distillation of Shale Oil and Gas Produced Water: Effects of Membrane Surface Wettability
Xuewei Du, Zuoyou Zhang, Kenneth H. Carlson, Jongho Lee, Tiezheng Tong (2018). Journal of Membrane Science, . 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.036
Abstract:
Extensive efforts have been made to tailor membrane surface wettability in order to mitigate fouling and wetting in membrane distillation (MD), but the developed membranes have rarely been challenged with real industrial wastewater. This study compared three membranes − a hydrophobic PVDF membrane, a superhydrophobic PVDF membrane, and a composite PVDF membrane with hydrophilic coating − in MD desalination of shale oil and gas produced water from the Wattenberg field in northeast Colorado. Two produced water samples with varied chemical compositions were collected and used as the feedwater. In a single treatment cycle, the composite membrane showed the best fouling resistance for the first sample, while all the tested membranes experienced similar flux decline with the second sample. Thus, the relationship between membrane surface wettability and fouling propensity in MD treatment of real produced water was influenced by feedwater composition. This effect was reflected by distinct features of fouling layers resulting from the two produced water samples, revealed by detailed microscopic and spectroscopic characterization. In three treatment cycles with physical membrane cleaning, the hydrophobic and composite membranes suffered from accelerated membrane fouling after each cycle, whereas a decelerated flux decline was observed for the superhydrophobic membrane. The better reusability of the superhydrophobic membrane, however, was achieved at the expense of initial water vapor flux. Our study suggests that one should comprehensively consider fouling/wetting resistance, water productivity, and reusability in the design and selection of appropriate membranes for MD treatment, and that long-term testing with multiple treatment cycles should be performed to assess MD membrane performance more accurately.
Extensive efforts have been made to tailor membrane surface wettability in order to mitigate fouling and wetting in membrane distillation (MD), but the developed membranes have rarely been challenged with real industrial wastewater. This study compared three membranes − a hydrophobic PVDF membrane, a superhydrophobic PVDF membrane, and a composite PVDF membrane with hydrophilic coating − in MD desalination of shale oil and gas produced water from the Wattenberg field in northeast Colorado. Two produced water samples with varied chemical compositions were collected and used as the feedwater. In a single treatment cycle, the composite membrane showed the best fouling resistance for the first sample, while all the tested membranes experienced similar flux decline with the second sample. Thus, the relationship between membrane surface wettability and fouling propensity in MD treatment of real produced water was influenced by feedwater composition. This effect was reflected by distinct features of fouling layers resulting from the two produced water samples, revealed by detailed microscopic and spectroscopic characterization. In three treatment cycles with physical membrane cleaning, the hydrophobic and composite membranes suffered from accelerated membrane fouling after each cycle, whereas a decelerated flux decline was observed for the superhydrophobic membrane. The better reusability of the superhydrophobic membrane, however, was achieved at the expense of initial water vapor flux. Our study suggests that one should comprehensively consider fouling/wetting resistance, water productivity, and reusability in the design and selection of appropriate membranes for MD treatment, and that long-term testing with multiple treatment cycles should be performed to assess MD membrane performance more accurately.